Hebrew Calendar
The Hebrew calendar is a lunar Calendrier, more exactly lunisolar made up:
Each new month depends on the rotation of the moon. The calendar thus alternates its 12 months out of 29 or 30 days.
One 12 months lunar year makes 354,36 days.
However one year (complete rotation of the Ground around the Sun) made 365,25 days. One thus loses 365,25 - 354,36 = 10,89 days per annum. It was necessary to find a means of catching up with these lost days.
The solution was to make years of 12 or 13 month (lunations), thanks to the cycle metonic.
The Cycle metonic
A Greek , Méton, in 3327 AM (433 before J. - C.) noticed that if one remains with this 29,53 days system, every 19 years, one loses 7 months exactly. The Hebrew calendar thus distributes these months on the cycle of Gamaliel Old the {Gamaliel Old the cf Jewish Tradition}}, while composing of the years either 12 months, or 13 month. The year is known as common when it counts 12 months, and embolismic when it counts 13 of them.
During a cycle of Méton, 7 years are embolismic , the 12 others being common . The additional month of the embolismic years always counts 30 days is before the month of, and is called ( Hebrew Adar-richone' in ). Adar
Organization of the months
The names of month come from deformations of assyro-Babylonian names assimilated by the Hebrew people during the exile to Babylon of the IV e
The duration of certain months is not fixed: the months of Marheshvan (2nd), Kislev (3rd) and Adar (6th) can have 29 or 30 jours.
The month is known as defective when it counts 29 days, and abundant when it counts 30.
of it
The common years can thus have 353,354 or 355 jours.
The embolismic years can have 383,384 or 385 jours.
defective is known as the years of 353 or 383 jours.
regular is known as the years of 354 or 384 jours.
abundant is known as the years of 355 or 385 jours.
When there is no solar/lunar adjustment, the months are the following:
¹ embolismic year only
² the simple year, this month is called Adar
Note: During the special years, Adar has 30 days, if not 29. For the months of 'Heshvan and Kislev, their length is calculated according to the date of full moon of the following year, in the month of Tishri.
Deduct days
The day of the Hebrew calendar starts with the to lay down sun . That, to be in conformity with the Genesis, section Bereshit, according to which darkness preceded the arrival by the lumière.Indeed he is written " He was evening, he was morning, UN" day; that one interprets like " The first day begins the evening, then comes the matin".
Jewish Passover, or Pessa' H, falls 15 Nissan, dates mobile if one refers to the Gregorian Calendrier.
The Chabbat are named according to the name of the Parasha (section of the Torah) read with the Synagog, according to a cycle which starts and is completed with Simhat Torah.
Beginning of the year
According to certain criteria, one can count four days different which mark a beginning of year: ; Lunar year (1 Nissan): According to certain opinions, it is about the creation of the World. This date is defined as being the new year for the months and the kings. The month Nissan is called the first month in the Torah. ; Financial year (1 Elloul): This date is used to calculate the taxes described in the Torah. ; Solar year (1 Tishri): According to certain opinions, it is about the creation of the World. It is the beginning of the year on which God evaluates the actions of the human beings. Many Jews all over the world celebrate the Jewish new year on this occasion. ; Crop year (15 Shevat): For the laws concerning agriculture. Called traditionally “New year of the trees” Tou Bishvat .
Deduct years
In the whole world (including Israel), the Jewish communities use the Gregorian Calendrier like civil calendar.
The Hebrew calendar as for him is used to calculate the dates of religious holidays, and makes begin year 1 at the date supposed from the creation of the World. This date was calculated by using all the dates quoted in the Torah in connection with the various people /g énérations to go up until Adam. The creation of the world thus calculated corresponds to the October 7th -3761 of the Gregorian Calendrier. Concretely, the new year 5767 was celebrated the September 22nd 2006. This calculation was carried out by the patriarch Hillel II in the year 358 of the Julien calendar.
Secrecy of the calendar according to Rashi
In mystical Hebrew, the secrecy of the calendar is called Sod Ha' ibour . Rashi refers there.
The literal direction of Sod Ha' ibour is astronomical knowledge enabling us to fix the Hebraic calendar.
Note
| Random links: | Road (motor bike) | Sorbet | Kurtwood Smith | Patrícia Mello | 1781 in literature |