Hebraic Grammar
The Hebraic grammar studies the characteristics of contemporary and biblical Hebrew.
Preliminaries
Hebraic grammar studies the language of Hebrew. Before approaching this study, it is important to be familiarized with the history of this speech which falls under the group of the Semitic Langues by reference to שֵׂם ( shèm Sem) wire of נוֹהַ ( Noah Noah). Because the legend makes go up this language… with the flood!
The דִּקְדּוּק ( dikdouk grammar) of this language, has been a whole of grammatical justifications of the standards of transcription of oral written Hebrew Hebrew, worked out for twelve centuries by the Massorètes, then transmitted by the Jewish religious tradition until our days.
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See also: the French-speaking site of grammar of biblical Hebrew: dikdouk.free.fr
Systematic grammar is, for Hebrew, a recent science. Synchronic, she studies the actual position of a language, the language Vernaculaire of the Israélien S contemporaries for example. Diachronic, it describes the characteristics of the Hebraic language at the successive times of its evolution. Four old times are important to refer: biblical Hebrew , ïque Hebrew Mishna, medieval Hebrew, and contemporary Hebrew. Lastly, normative grammar presents the correct ways to be expressed, the good use of the Hebraic language.
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See also: the articles Linguistic and Grammar.
Phonetics
The Phonologie analyzes a Langage conceived like system of vocal signs, the Phonèmes, from a formal point of view independent of its capacity for communication. She studies the Phonation, production of the phonemes, and the Acoustique, their auditive perception. The phonology of Hebrew is focused exclusively on the phonemes suitable for the language used by wire of אַבְרָהָמ Abraham.
The Phonétique studies how these phonemes, fundamental Sons of the language, combine to give voice to the words and the sentences of a Langue used like communications tools between the men of the same culture. The phonetic study of the Hebraic language makes it possible to hear well and pronounce the language of the people of the Bible.
The Orthoepy, pronunciation correct of the language, is the practical conclusion of these two studies complementary to the Oral tradition of the various Jewish communities to the wire of times.
Phonology
The tenou°ot Vowels
The עִצּוּרִים °itsourim Consonants
The shewa and hatafim Euphonèmes
The Syllables.
The tonic Accent.
The Cantillation.
Writings
The language Hébraïque is noted using twenty-two characters gathered in a Alphabet. This alphabet names Aleph Beth in Hebrew, of the name of his the first two characters. Like the Arabic alphabet, the Hebrew alphabet is of the type Abjad which notes consonants exclusively. Today two penmanships coexist: the cursive writing and the square writing.
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See also: the article Hebrew alphabet.
Little story of the Hebrew alphabet: The Jewish tradition of the Midrash reports that… (to be followed)
The square writing.
The cursive writing. The Transliteration S.
Reading
Ambiguous sonorities of differentiated letters.
Morphology
The analysis of a stated in sentences, and of these sentences in proposals, is the object which syntax will study. The analysis of the proposals will present to us Mots connected to each other. And the study of the form of these elementary words, abstracted from their reciprocal relations and considered in their formal structure, is precisely the object which the Morphologie studies.
Hebrew uses two kinds of words: purely grammatical terms (pronouns, prepositions) and expressions with stronger semantic value (verbs, adverbs, nouns, adjectives) formed of a Topic expressing a general idea, increased affixes (prefixes and suffixes) specifying a grammatical value.
The analysis of the topics (verbal and nominal) provides us a consonant root (typical Semitic languages) which supplements a vocalic structure whose type directs the word towards a use either verbal, or nominal.
Grammatical utilities
Morphologiquement, a grammatical word is composed only of grammatical morphemes, other than any lexical morpheme (or Lexème).
(Syntax will name this grammatical term Mot-outil because he exerts various syntactic functions, then it will classify these grammatical utilities in determinative words and link-words.)
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determinative Words :
Hebrew מִלָּה milah is translated into French by mot. And the מִלּוֹת milot which determine a name are הַמִּלּוֹתהָרוֹמְזוֹת hamilot haromzot the words “which indicate” or conclusive , הַמִּלּוֹתהַקִּנְיָן hamilot haqinyan the words “of the possessive possession” or , and הַמִּלּוֹתהַשְּאֵלָה hamilot hashe' èlah the words “of the interrogative question” or .
The words which determine a verb are the negative prepositions לֹא (lo') and אַל ('Al) , and הַכִּנּוּיִּיםהָאִישִׁיִּים hakinouyim ha' ishiyim the personal Pronouns.
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Words of connection :
The link-words are הַמִּלּוֹתהַיַּחַס hamilot hayakhas the words “of the relation” i.e. the Préposition S, and the כִּנּוּיהַזִּקָּה kinouy haziqah Relative pronoun.
Pronouns
When the subject of a verb is a human person, Hebrew indicates this subject either by a name, or by a grammatical term, a כִּנּוּיאִישִׁי kinouy 'ishiy , literally a human word “naming” this subject. French translates this concept by “personal Pronom”.
The personal pronouns, הַאִישִׁיִּיםהַכִּנּוּיִּים hakinouyim ha' ishiyim are presented in the form of a grammatical Thème indicating to the Anybody, supplemented by a termination announcing the grammatical features of Genre and Nombre.
Before analyzing their morphology, here these כִּנּוּיִּים kinouyim :
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In the singular:
אֲנִי 'ani (vernacular use) אָנֹכִי 'anokhi (literary use)
אַתָּה 'atah
אַתְּ 'At
הוּא hou'
הִיא hi'
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In the plural:
אַתֶּם 'atem
אַתֶּן 'aten
הֵם hèm (vernacular use) הֵמָּה hèmah (literary use)
הֵן hèn (vernacular use) הֵנָּה hènah (literary use)
The inflection of the personal pronoun introduces to three grammatical features of Anybody, Genre, and Nombre.
The nobody :
The conclusive ones:
The possessive ones:
The interrogative ones:
Prepositions
Lexical words
The lexeme, the root, the radical
A consonant Morpheme Lexical, formed by a discontinuous sequence of consonants, is conceived like the שֹׁרֶשׁ shorèsh (the root) of each word of the Hebrew lexicon. This sequence, which often counts three consonant phonemes, in this case is described as trilitère. Roots, less frequent, of two or four consonants meet too.
- Example: the word שָׁלוֹמ shalom (peace) has as a root trilitère שׁלמ sh.l.m .
Morphologiquement, with the state of the שָׁרָשִׁים sharashim (roots) that Hebrew qualifies שְׁלֵמִים shlèmim (whole, complete, i.e. unaltered) corresponds the morphological concept of Racine. It arrives that, by presence of consonants gutturales (and in some other specific cases that the grammar of Hebrew details), the root deteriorates and presents a derived form that Hebrew names גִּזְרָה will gizra (literally separate form). With the גִּזְרָה corresponds the morphological concept of Radical will gizra.
Paradigms sets of themes verbal and nominal
A vocalic morpheme set of themes is a discontinuous sequence of vowels which, interlaced with the שֹׁרֶשׁ shorèsh (root or radical) form with him a Thème. To form a topic thus can be enough to generate a word (Lemme). Hebrew presents various vocalic morphemes sets of themes.
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Examples: the word דִּיבֵּר dibèr (he spoke) uses the vocalic morpheme set of themes אִאֵ XiXèX . The word dobèr (a spokesperson) uses the vocalic morpheme set of themes XoXèX . The word doubar (it was known as) uses the vocalic morpheme set of themes XouXaX . Many alternatives exist.
A Paradigme set of themes is the whole of the different forms which can take the vocalic morpheme to constitute of the different topics on the same root (שֹׁרֶשׁ shorèsh ).
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In the example evoked above, the whole of the vocalic morphemes sets of themes ( XiXèX, XoXèX, XouXaX, and other alternatives not presented here) applied to the root D.B.R. constitute a paradigm set of themes.
Hebrew distinguishes two units from paradigms sets of themes, the binyanim (constructions, structures) which makes it possible to build verb stems, and the mishqalim (weight) used to give to the noun stems their heavy of vowels.
A verbal paradigm set of themes ( bynian ) presents a structured whole of vocalic morphemes used for conjuger of the verbs. A nominal paradigm set of themes ( mishqal ), by its “heavy” of vowels, makes it possible to distinguish various families from names (names of actions, names of trades, names of tools, and well of others still).
What precedes enables us to include/understand the morphology of simple paradigms. There exist however also complex paradigms which, in addition to the vocalic morphemes sets of themes, use consonant prefixes possibly followed by a vowel to create derived topics.
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Example: beside the simple topic dibèr shown herebefore, medabèr (speaking) watch a prefix set of themes Mr. followed by a euphonème - E , and nidbar (it agreed) a prefix set of themes N. followed by a vowel - I .
Verb stem with the verb
The verbal paradigms sets of themes ( binyanim )
The aspect: perfective and imperfectif
Times (past, future, present)
The requirement.
Verb being.
How to translate the verb to have (non-existent in Hebrew)
Noun stem with the name
The loading of a vocalic diagram מֽשְׁקָל ( mishqal ) on the root שֹׁרֵשׁ ( shorèsh ) generates a noun stem. The addition of affixes to this noun stem forms a name שֵׁמ ( shèm ) ready to integrate a statement מֽשְׁפָּט ( mishpat ). A set of suffixes makes it possible to note the kind, the number, and the membership of this name. Some prefixes, built using specific particles, make it possible to raise the indéfinition of the name, and to locate it in a circumstantial environment.
First Milks grammatical: the Kind . Hebrew knows two grammatical kinds, the Masculin ( zakhar ) and the Féminin ( neqèvah ). The kind of a Hebrew name can differ from that of its translation in French (thus, since antiquity sumérienne, the sun results in the shemèsh ). Other milked grammatical: the grammatical Number ( mispar ). Hebrew grammatically marks three numbers, the Singulier ( yaHid ), the Duel ( zougi ) and the Pluriel ( rabim ). The zougi was used in the beginning to announce the pairs of bodies presented by the living beings (one does not say “legs”, but “a pair of legs”). As the names of these bodies never have regular plural, the use of the zougi extends to note a multiplicity higher than two (in “three friends have six legs”, the plural of legs will be formed using the zougi ). Instead of translating zougi by “duel”, it would be thus preferable to speak about irregular plural being used to announce paired objects.
the article
built state ( Smikhout )
adjectives
epithet
attribute
comparative/superlative
adverbs
Syntax
The Syntaxe of Hebrew has the aim of studying various qualities of מִּשְפָּטִים mishpatim . Is מִּשְפָּט mishpat what proceeds of a judgment, a such edict or the statement of a sentence. But the linguistic use of this term restricts and recovers the concepts of stated S, of Phrase S, Proposition S which the grammar of French studies. These syntactic elements are thus regarded by Hebrew initially and mainly as statements, qualified then according to their reciprocal relations.
As מִּשְפָּט mishpat is a generic name which could result in statement, a מִּשְפָּט mispat °iqari will be a statement-root (a statement literally éradiqué, by analysis of a broader statement) which corresponds to than the grammar of French names main clause of a complex sentence. A מִּשְפָּט mishpat mourkhav , literally a large-statement, are a statement broad, extensive, a complex sentence.
In the same way, the subordinate clauses will be also מִּשְפָּטִים mishpatim , qualified tephèlim , i.e. statements charged or attaches to the fundamental statement (the מִּשְפָּט mishpat °iqari ) to form a statement complexes broader (the מִּשְפָּט mishpat mourkhav ).
The statement-מִּשְפָּט mishpat , principal syntactic phenomenon, can thus be qualified mourkhav secondarily, of °iqari , tephil , and other manners still, which will be explained hereafter.
Syntax of the simple sentence
group prone
verbal group
direct object
complement of indirect object
circumstantial complements
Syntax of the complex sentence
proposals
complex sentences
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