Used for the first time by the French language in 1963, this substantive is borrowed from English. During the end of the Years 1950, a happening was a performance (representation), an event or a situation which could be regarded as Article a possible translation in French would be a artistic intervention . The happening is distinguished from simple the performance by its spontaneous character and the fact that it requires the active participation of the public. Thus, for Allan Kaprow: “ Structurally and philosophically, it is the same thing ” but “ the performance is actually an artistic event, and it occurs in front of a public ” contrary to the happening which does not have “ to him not public. Only speakers ” and who does not comprise “ not references to the artistic culture. No references to the music, the theater, the literature. ”
History
Origins
Allan Kaprow used the first time the term Happening the summer of 1957 to a picnic of art in the farm of George Segal to describe the parts which were held there then. “Happening” appeared for the first time on paper in the number of winter 1958 of the magazine Anthologist , held by students in literature of the university of Rutgers. The idea of the happening was spread and the term was adopted by American, German, Japanese artists… Jack Kerouac describes Kaprow like " the Man of Happening ". An American publicity of the time shows a woman floating in space declaring: “ I dreamed that I attended a happening in my bra Maidenform ”.One generally refers to the part of Kaprow, 18 happenings in 6 Shares (1959), as with the first happening. One considers however sometimes that the first happening took place in 1952 with the representation of Theater Piece No 1 with the Black Mountain College, by John Cage, which was professor de Kaprow in the middle of the years 1950. People who attended this performance often do not return account of what was held same manner exactly there, but the majority agree on the fact that Cage recited poetry and lute of the texts, Mr. C. Richards lute of the extracts of its poetic work, Robert Rauschenberg showed some as of its tables and made play of the recordings on gramophone, David Tudor played on a Piano prepared and that Merce Cunningham danced. All these actions proceeded at the same time, and among the public as much as on the scene. At the end of the years 1950 and at the beginning of annés the 1960, the practice of the happening was propagated with New York. Carolee Schneemann, Red Grooms, Robert Whitman, Jim Dines, Claes Oldenburg and Robert Rauschenberg count like the key figures of this artistic form. Some their work are documented in the book of Michael Kirby Happenings (1966).
Around the world
In 1960, Jean-Jacques Lebel is the author, with Venice, of the burial of the Thing, the European first happening.
It publishes the first critical French test on the movement of the happenings throughout the world. Starting from this date, it produces more than seventy happenings, performances and actions, on several continents, parallel to its pictorial, poetic and political activities.
In Great Britain, the first happenings were organized with Liverpool by the painter and poet Adrian Henri, but the most important event was the “Incarnation of the Poetry” of the Albert Hall, the June 11th 1965, where an audience of 7000 people attended and took part performances of poets of English and American avant-garde. One of the participants, Jeff Nuttall, carried out many other Happenings thereafter, often working with his/her friend Bob Cobbing, poet of the sound and the performance.
In Belgium, the first happenings took place about the years 1965 - 1968, with Antwerp, Brussels and Ostend, set up by the artists Hugo Heyrman and Panamarenko.
With the Netherlands, Provo carried out happenings around the small statue “Het Lieverdje” on Spui, a place in the center of Amsterdam, of 1966 to 1968. The police force often intervened to stop these events.
In Australia, the Yellow House Artist Collective of Sydney lodged of the 24 hours Happenings throughout the years 1970.
East coast of the Iron curtain, in Poland, in second half of the years 1980, the members of the anarchistic network Alternative orange, rested by Major Waldemar Fydrych was made known for the number of people whom it succeeds in making take part in his happenings (up to ten participating miles), directed against the military regime of the general Wojciech Jaruzelski and the fear which the whole of the Polish company could feel.
In Spain, the collective Dinero gratis (ref.) claims by the means happenings to legitimate the retraction of goods marketed in the department stores of downtown areas.
The happening according to the Fluxus artists
The history of the happening is closely related to the Fluxus movement, of which the ultimate goal was to remove all borders between Art and Life. By integrating the public into the artistic performance, the Fluxus artists want to remove the idea of an art which is given to see and put rather ahead the idea of an art which is tested, was seen.
See too
Internal bonds
External bonds
- the performance like artistic category
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