Hanyu pinyin

See also: Pinyin (homonymy)

The pinyin (拼音 pīnyīn) literally means “to spell the sounds” in standard Mandarin and refers to the hanyu pinyin (汉语拼音 hànyǔ pīnyīn, meaning literally: “to spell the sounds of the language of the Han”), which is a system of romanisation (phonetic transcription in Latin writing) of Mandarin, used in Popular republic of China. the project of transcription of the Chinese language (absolute reference of the Pinyin system) leading to the pinyin was approved the February 11th 1958, during the fifth plenary session of the National People's Assembly of the Popular republic of China. The pinyin was adopted in 1979 by the Chinese government. It supplanted older transcriptions like the system Lagging-Gilles (1859; modified in 1912) or the Bopomofo. Similar systems were conceived for the other Chinese dialects and the minorities not Han of the Popular republic of China.

In 1979, the International organization of standardization adopted the pinyin like the system of romanisation of Mandarin. It is the most widespread romanisation of Chinese nowadays in the modern works.

The Mandarin being a tonal Langue with four let us tons, those are represented in pinyin by the Diacritique S following:

ˉ Your top (Macron)
ˊ Your amount (Acute accent)
ˇ Your descendant slightly then tonic (Hatchek or Charon)
ˋ Your descendant and short (Grave accent)

When one does not have accentuated natures, one can use figures written after the syllables, corresponding to the number of the tone, figure 0 indicating the absence of tone. This process is in particular used in the software of Chinese entry using keyboards with Latin characters.

Count of tons used in pinyin

This table gives the codes Unicode corresponding to the accented accentuated letters used in pinyin, for example for the writing of entities HTML (& # nnnn ; ). Let us note however that it is also possible to write Unicode characters directly in a page HTML, by encodant this page in UTF-8.

Pronunciation

The pinyin uses the Latin alphabet. The pronunciation of Chinese is often described by the words attacks and final . The attack is the consonant at the beginning of a syllable, whereas the final is the combination of a median possible (Semi-voyelle before a vowel), of a core and possibly of a coded (the vowel or consonant at the end of the syllable). In Mandarin, coded it is always a vowel or a nasal Consonne, and some time a - R which is attached like a grammatical suffix. For more precise details, one will consult the syllabic article Rime in Mandarin .

Attacks

The first line indicates the API, the second the pinyin.

^* and are interchangeables.

Finales

In each cell, the first line indicates the API one, the second the pinyin for a syllable without initial, and the third the pinyin for a syllable with initial. What follows is a table of all possible shapes of Mandarin syllables. ¹

¹/ər/(而, 二, etc) is written er .
² U is written U after J , Q , or X .
³ uo is written O after B , p , m , or F .
⁴ It decides when it follows initial, and this difference is reflected in pinyin.

Seizure of Chinese to the keyboard by using the pinyin

It is possible to seize of Chinese on an alphabetical keyboard, by striking the pinyin, with or without the tone expressed by a figure (“5” or the “0” expressing the neutral tone). A list of Sinogramme S is proposed and the operator chooses. Mechanisms of anticipation based on a vocabulary make it possible to propose in first the most probable sinogrammes, in particular the following of a polysyllable, and a memory of strike former proposes in first the sinogrammes and the polysyllables already used. Curiosity: the vowel “U” (example: nü3 女 female) is conventionally struck “v”.

Seizure on keyboard of computer

The most current operating systems Windows, GNU/Linux and Mac OS X Tiger have functions of seizure of Chinese in pinyin.

Under Windows: control panel => regional options => to add a language Chinese => traditional; Chinese is added to the bar of languages. This software IME has broad possibility of parameter setting, posting of specialized virtual keyboards, choice of the characters in tables by keys and many features.
Under Mac OS X Tiger, one can select the method of seizure Chinese simplified > ITABC or Chinese traditional > Pinyin (to open the Preferences systems then International)
Under GNU/Linux, one can use SCIM (right button => method of seizure Chinese => simplified => smart pinyin).

It is also possible under Linux to type pinyin with your, in order to write transliterations pinyin. For that it is necessary to use the Touche composes, combined with:

_ + a/e/i/o/(¨) U for āēīō (ǖ) ū;
'+ a/e/i/o/(¨) U for áéíó (ǘ) ú;
C + a/e/i/o/(¨) U for ǎěǐǒ (ǚ) ǔ;
`+ a/e/i/o/(¨) U for àèìò (ǜ) ù.

In certain cases, the fourth tone does not go. On the other hand, with , E and ù is already present on the French keyboards, or it is possible to use the “input pad” of SCIM (virtual keyboard => made up keys), then while combining serious + character (a/e/i/o/(")U).

Certain data-processing software, for example Njstar, offers an equivalent function of seizure, and can be used on a computer not configured for the languages with sinogrammes.

Seizure on keyboard of cellphone

The composition of the messages, and the names in the repertories, on a condensed keyboard whose each key corresponds to several Latin characters, benefits from the reduced number of existing syllables (approximately 420). The possible syllables are posted with the striking of the keys. The choice by cursor of the syllable posts a list of characters which one chooses by cursor. The composition of a message in sinogrammes is faster than the composition of a correctly spelled equivalent message in Latin characters. All the famous brands distribute the alternative of software of their apparatuses which offers this mode of seizure, in addition to the alphabetical mode and the specialized modes.

Internal bonds

postal Pinyin, Tongyong pinyin
Bopomofo
transcription, romanisation
Mandarin
Cyrillisation of Chinese starting from the pinyin
Birth of the pinyin

External bonds

French Chinese Dictionary - French Chinese Dictionary, Chinese research, pinyin and French
Freelang Dictionary - Chinese Dictionary pinyin-French/French-Chinese pinyin
Tools of pronunciation of Chinese - Enter a Chinese text, obtain the pinyin of all the characters.

pin1yin1.com, another tool of romanisation associated with a dictionary (English) and which gives also the Bopomofo

SCIM, to type of Chinese in the Gnome applications under Linux. (SKIM for KDE)
Outils Pinyin Of the tools of transcription in pinyin
Taper of Chinese under Ubuntu (Ubuntu is a distribution Linux)
Dictionnaire English-Chinese Contains more than 40000 entries.

Simple: Pinyin

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