Hallucination

The hallucination is classically defined as being a " perception without objet" , and more precisely according to Henri Ey like a " perception without object with percevoir". It is distinguished from a Illusion, which is an abnormal perception of an external stimulus. The hallucinations can touch all our direction - Vue, Ouïe, Odorat, Toucher and Goût - separately or simultaneously. One describes also the " hallucinations psychiques" who do not present sufficient sensory characteristics to be confused with a perception. They are in general lived like impressed psychic phenomena of a feeling of strangeness: imposition of thoughts, telepathy, intrusion in the thoughts of the patient…

Hallucinose is not a hallucination

It is necessary to distinguish the hallucination which associates with this perception without object a loss of insight of the Hallucinose during which the patient remains critical when with the reality of tested perception (ex: Syndrome of Bonnet and hallucinose visual complexes, temporal epileptic fits and hallucinoses acoustic and/or verbal).

Multiple causes

The hallucination can have multiple causes:
  • Intoxications by Drug S (Psilocybine, LSD, PCP, Mescaline, and to a lesser extent the Ecstasy),
  • psychiatric Pathologies (in particular the Psychosis S, like the Schizophrenia),
  • neurological Pathologies: Parkinson's disease, disease of the bodies of diffuse Lewy, atrophies multi-systematized, progressive paralysis supranucléaire
  • Pathologies of the Sommeil: Narcolepsy,
  • organic Pathologies (epilepsy, meningoencephalites infectious…).

Specific to the sleep

  • hypnagogic hallucinations which take place at the time of drowsiness and the
  • hypnopompic hallucinations which take place with the alarm clock.

They can occur whereas the person is well awaked but also in an intermediate state as during a Paralysie of the sleep what returns particularly them distressing for the person who makes the experiment of it. The hypnopompic hallucinations are in general not prolonged more few minutes after the complete awakening.

Classification of the hallucinations

One classifies the hallucinations in two categories the psychosensorielles hallucinations and the psychic hallucinations .

Psychosensorielles hallucinations

  1. They are objectified by one of the five traditional directions: hearing, sight, touch, smell and taste more rarely.
  2. These erroneous perceptions appear to the patient as located in space.
These characteristics of sensoriality and spatiality add to the conviction of the patient.

  • : The auditive hallucinations are most frequent. The patient can hear simple sounds (notes of music, noises of bells…) or generally of the voices. One then speaks about acoustico-verbal hallucinations . They are one or several voices. The set of themes of the voices can be in connection with delirious contents, often persécutif. The voices can comment on the acts (comment of the acts) or the thoughts of the patient. They can converse between them and one speaks then about hallucinations of conversation. The patient often takes a attitude of listening , it can converse with his voices ( hallucinatory dialog ), to obey to them ( syndrome of influence).

  • : The visual hallucinations are rarer. They can be simple or complex. Some are rather typical like the vision of alarming animals ( zoopsies ) in the Délirium tremens of the alcoholic or the elaborate hallucinations “Lilliputians” of the Syndrome of Charles Bonnet
  • : The olfactive and gustatory hallucinations are even rarer. The patient in general perceives a taste or an unpleasant odor in connection with the decomposition or the putrefaction.
  • : The tactile hallucinations are of very diverse nature. They can relate to whole or part of the body, to be with type of touch or grouillement of parasites, to have erotic or unpleasant contents.
  • : The coenesthetic hallucinations relate to the major, proprioceptive sensitivity.

Hallucination psychic

They are the perceptions deprived of spatiality and sensoriality, contrary to the preceding ones. They are generally psycho-verbal hallucinations, interior voices which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the clean mental activity of the subject, which does not have really a stamp.

In social sciences

Some philosophers and writers like Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud described the religion like a collective hallucination .

External bonds

  • http://www.hypersomnies.fr
  • http://www.ditl.info/arttest/art1745.php

Random links:Propylées | Metrology | Der Fuehrer' S Face | Aigne | Sierra Maestra (music) | Banlieue_noire_d'Otto,_Minnesota