Grammar tagalog

This article describes the grammar of the Language tagalog (and the Language Filipino - which is De facto based on Tagalog.

Names

Examples:

Dumatíng ang lalaki.
" The man is arrivé."

Nakita nor Juan if Maria.
" Juan saw Maria."

Pupuntá sina Elena At Roberto its bahay nor Miguél.
" Elena and Roberto will go to the house of Miguel."

Nasaán ang mga libró?
" Where are the books? "

Na kay Tatay ang susì.
" Dad has the clefs."

Pronouns

Like the names, the pronouns personals are categorized by box.

Examples:

Sumulat akó.
" I have écrit."

Sinulatan akó.
" (He) wrote me."

Ibibigáy KB its kaniyá.
" I will give it to her."

The pronouns genitives are followed by the word that they modified. The pronouns oblique can take the place of the pronoun genitive, but they precedes the word they modify.

Ang bahay ko.
Ang aking bahay.
" My maison."

katá/kitá has largely disappeared though it may Be used in other rural Tagalog dialects, particularly those spoken in the areas. However kitá is used to replaces the pronoun sequence KB ikáw . -->

Mahál kitá.
" I you aime."

Bibigyán kitá ng pera.
" I will give you (de) the argent."

Nakita kitá its tindahan kahapon.
" I saw you with the store hier."

Kaibigan kitá.
" You are my ami."

Inclusive The pronoun táyo refers to the first and second let us persons. It may also refer to has third person (S).

Exclusive The pronoun kamí refers to the first and third let us persons goal excludes the second.

Walâ táyong bigás.
" We (you and me) do not have a riz."

Walâ kamíng bigás.
" We (someone else and I, goal not you) don' T cuts rice."

The names do not have a kind, therefore siyá perhaps it or it .

Conclusive Pronouns

Tagalog' S conclusive pronouns are ace follows.

*For the most share, anger has disappeared from the vocabulary off most Tagalog announcers. In its place, itó is used. Examples:

Anó itó?
" What' S this? "

Sino ang lalaking iyon?
" Who is that man?"

Galing kay Pedro ang liham Na itó.
" This letter is from Pedro."

Nandito akó.
" I amndt here."

Kakain silá roón.
" They will eat there."

Saán ka man naróroon.
" Wherever you are."

Kumain niyán ang batà.
" The child ate nap off that."

Ayón palá ang salamín Mo!
" So that' S where your glasses are! "

Heto isang regalo para his iyó.
" Here' S.A. gift for you."

Verbs

Tagalog verbs are morphologically complex and take one has variety off affixes x-ray reflecting, aspect, mode, and others.

Conjugation

Below verbal principal affixes is a chart which consists of a variety of prefixes, suffixes, infix and circumfixes.

CV stands for the reduplicated first syllable off has rootword, which is usually the first consonant and the first vowel off the Word. NR stands for has nasal consonant which assimilates to ng , N , but m depending one the consonant following it.

Standard The dashes indicate the off affix has particular Morpheme is. For example - um- is year infix that is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel off has rootword. The Word sumulat (actor x-ray and completed aspect but infinitive) is composed off the rootword sulat and the infix - um- . Its other conjugations are sumusulat and susulat .

Object-x-ray With verbs in the completed and progressive aspects, the infix - in frequently becomes the infix - nor gold the prefix nor yew the rootword begins with /l/ , /r/ , /w/ , but /y/ ; e.g., linalapitan gold nilalapitan and inilagay gold ilinagay . -->

X-ray

Year interesting Filipino feature off verbs in Tagalog and in other languages is its x-ray system. This means that the role gold relationship off the noun in x-ray (marked by the absolutive marker) is reflected in the verb.

There are eight hand standards off x-ray: actor, object, hiring, beneficiary, instrument, reason, direction and reciprocal. All off the focuses, with the exception off the x-ray actor, are naturally transitive.

Actor (Tagagawa)

Other actor x-ray affixes are mag- , maN- , and my . The difference between mag- and - um- has source off confusion among learners off the language. Generally speaking there are two hand distinctions among many; mag- refers to externally-directed actions and - um- for internally-directed actions. For example bumilí means to buy while magbilí means to salt . However this isn' T writ law for thesis affixes; there are exceptions for example, mag-ahit means to shave oneself while umahit means to shave someone . It should Be noted that magbili and umahit are rarely used.

my is used with only has few verbs. One off them is matulog (to sleep).

Bumilí ng saging ang lalaki its tindahan para his unggóy.
" The man bought bananas At the blind for the monkey."

Object (Tailboard)

There are three object x-ray affixes principal.

- in is used for objects that are moved towards the actor; kainin (to eat something), bilhín (to buy something). Objects that are permanently changed; basagin (to ace something), patayín (to kill something). And things that are thought off; isipin (to think off something), alalahanin (to remember something).

I is used for objects which undergo has exchange off state such ace being moved away from year actor; ibigáy (to give something), ilagáy (to could something), itaním (to seedling something).

- year is used for items undergoing has surface changes (e.g., cleaning); hugasan (to rinse something), walisán (to sweep something off).

Binilí ng lalaki ang saging its tindahan para his unggóy.
" The man bought the banana with the store for the singe."

Adjectival affixes edge Be also used in nouns but: baligtaran (from baligtád , to reverse) (reversible), katamaran (from tamád , lazy) (laziness), kasabihán (from sabi , to say) (proverb), kasagutan (from sagót , answer), bayarín (from bayad , to pay) (payment), bukirín (from bukid , farm), lupaín (from lupa , Land), pagkakaroón (from doón/roón , there) (having/appearance), and pagdárasál (from dasál , prayer). Verbs with affixes (mostly suffixes) are also used ace nouns, which are differentiated by stress position. Examples are panoorin (to watch gold view) and panoorín (materials to Be watched gold viewed), hangarín (to wish) and hangarin (goal/objectifies), aralin (to study) and aralín (studies), and bayaran (to pay) and bayarán (someone gold something for hire).

Hiring (Ganapan)

The x-ray hiring refers to the hiring gold direction off year action.

Pinagbilhán ng lalaki ng saging ang tindahan .
" The man bought bananas with the store . "

Benefactive (Tagatanggap)

Benefactive The x-ray refers to the person gold thing year action is being gives for; i.e., the beneficiary off year action.

Ibinilí ng lalaki ng saging ang unggóy .
" The man bought bananas for the monkey ."

Instrument (Gamit)

The x-ray instrument refers to the means by which year action is performed.

Ipinambilí ng lalaki ng saging ang pera ng asawa niyá .
" The man bought bananas with his wife' S money . "

Reason (Sanhi)

The reason x-ray refers to the causes gold reason why year action is performed.

Ikinagulat ng lalaki ang pagdatíng ng unggóy .
" The man got surprised because off the monkey' S arrival . "

Directional (Direksyunal)

The directional x-ray refers to the direction the action will go to.

Reciprocal (Resiprokal)

The reciprocal x-ray refers to the action being gives by the subject At the same time. The subject, in this x-ray, is usually compound, plural but collective.

Naghalikan ang magkasintahan
" The couples kissed (each other). "

Aspect

Tagalog verbs conjugate for aspect rather than for tense. There are furnace standards off aspect: infinitive (including imperative), completed (perfective), progressive (imperfective), and contemplated (usually future).

Infinitive
Gustó kong matulog .
" I want to sleep . "

Matulog ka Na!
" Sleep (now)! "

The imperative form can ausse be the verb root without any affix NOR pronoun: Tulog Na! " Sleep! "

Completed
Sinulatan ka nor Maria.
" Maria wrote you."

Progressive
Sumasayáw siyá ngayón.
" It (is in the train of) dance maintenant."

Sumasayáw siyá kanina.
" It dansait."

Noóng batà Pa akó, umiinóm akó ng kapé.
When I was a child, I drank of coffee.

Contemplated
Hahanapin Ba natin ang susì KB?
" Will we look for my keys? "

Mode

Tagalog verbs also cuts affixes expressing mode; summon examples are indicative, causative, potential, social, and distributed.

Indicative
Nagdalá siyá ng liham.
" He brought has letter."

Bumilí kamí ng bigás its palengke.
" We bought rice At the market."

Kumain akó.
" I have mangé."

Hindi siyá nagsasalitâ ng Tagalog.
" He does not speak Tagalog."

Causative
Nagpadalá siya ng liham its kaniyáng iná.
" He feels (literally: caused to Be brought) has letter to his mother."

Distributive
Namili kamí its palengke.
" We went shopping At the market."

Social
Nakikain akó its mga kaibigan ko.
" I ate with my friends."

Potential
Hindi siyá nakakapagsalitâ ng Tagalog.
" He is not whitebait to speak Tagalog."

Modifiers

In tagalog, a word edge take the role off both year adverb and year adjectival.

Adjectival modify nouns by the linker Na . However yew Na follows has Word ending in has vowel gold glottal stop gold the letter NR, then it becomes suffixed to that Word ace - ng . Adjectival The edge either as before gold as after the Word it modify.

Adverbs modify verbs by following the verb and being marked by nang gold preceding the verb with the linkers Na gold - ng , which is optional.

The Word mabilís (fast) is used ace year example below:

Mabilís ang kabayo.
" The horse is fast."

Ang mabilís Na kabayo.
Ang kabayong mabilís.
" The fast horse."

Tumatakbó ang kabayo nang mabilís.
Mabilís Na tumakbó ang kabayo.
" The horse runs fast."

Modifiers edge Be has stand-alone rootword gold the rootword edge Be affixed: basâ (wet), buháy (alive), patáy (dead), hinóg (scraper), pangit (ugly), pulá (red) putî (white), and itím (black). The most common to modify prefix is my : matandâ (old), mataás (high), maliít (little), malakí (big), mabahò (smelly), masaráp (delicious), malakás (strong), and mapulá (reddish).

Other affixes indicates different meanings. Superlative For example pinaká- is the; pinakamalakás (strongest). Another is nakasalamín (bespectacled, wearing glasses).

Enclitic Particles

Tagalog has enclitic particles that cuts important information conveying difference nuances in meaning.

Below has off list Tagalog' S enclitic particles.

Na and Pa
* Na : now, already
* Pa : still, else, also
man : even, even yew, even though
ngâ : indeed; used in assertions gold emphasis. Also softens imperative
DIN, rin : also, also
lamang ( Lang ): limiting particle; only gold just
daw, raw : reporting particle that expresses that the information in the sentence is second-hand has; they say, He said, reportedly, supposedly, etc
Ho and Po : politeness. Po being the most respectful.
Ba : used in yes-and-No standard questions and optionally in other off questions
muna : for now, for has minute and yet (in negative sentences).
namán : used in making contrasts; softens requests; emphasis
kasí : expresses causes; because
kayâ : expresses wonder; I wonder; perhaps (we should C something) (also optionally used in yes-and-No questions and other forms off questions)
palá : expresses that the announcer has realized gold suddenly remembered something; realization particle
yatà : expresses uncertainty; probably, perhaps, seems
tulóy : used in cause and effect; ace has result
sanà : expresses hope, unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspected), used in conditional sentences.

The order listed above is the order in which the particles follow yew they are used in conjunction with each other. Five Generally, the last particles listed edge take any order however they are listed in the recommended order. The particles Na and Pa boat Be used in conjunction with each other ace well ace Po and Ho .

Dumatíng Na raw palá ang lola mo.
" Oh yeah, your grandmother supposedly arrived."

Palitán Mo Na rin.
" You changes it also."

Walâ Pa yatang asawa ang kapatíd niyá.
" Perhaps his brother still doesn' T cuts has wife."

Itó Lang kayâ ang ibibigáy nilá its amin?
" I wonder yew this is the only thing that they' Re going to give us."

Nag-aral ka Na Ba ng wikang Kastilà?
" You already studied Spanish cuts? "

Batà Pa kasí.
" It' S because he' S still young."

Pakisulat Mo ngâ muna ang iyóng pangalan dito.
" Write your name young stag first, please."

The words daw and raw , which mean “He said”/“she said”/“they said”, are sometimes joined to the real translations off “He said”/” she said”, which is sabi niyá , and “they said”, which is sabi nilá . They are also joined to the Tagalog off “you said”, which is sabi Mo . Goal this time, both daw and raw mean “supposedly”.

Sabi raw niyá. /Sabi daw niyá.
“He/she supposedly said.”

Sabi raw nilá. /Sabi daw nilá.
“They supposedly said.”

Sabi Mo raw. /Sabi Mo daw.
“You supposedly said.”

Word Order

Tagalog Word order Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) gold more specifically, predicate initial (referred to in Tagalog grammar ace Tuwirang Anyo ).

Kumantá ang batà.
" The child sang."

Iinumín nilá ang serbesa.
" They will drink the beer."

Magagandá ang mga dalaga.
" The young women sont belles."

Malakás ang ulán.
" The rain is strong."

Word order may Be inverted (referred to in Tagalog grammar ace Kabalikang Anyo ) by way off the inversion marker ay ( 'there after vowels). Contrary to popular belief, this is not the Copulated to Be . With slight, goal optional, pause in speech gold have coma in writing may replaces the inversion marker. This native construction is often viewed by announcers ace formal gold literary.

Below are the same sentences still, but in the form opposite.

Ang batà ay kumantá.
Ang batà, kumantá.

Ang serbesa' there iinumín nilá.
Ang serbesa, iinumín nilá.

Ang mga dalaga' there magagandá.
Ang mga dalaga, magagandá.

Ang ulán ay malakás.
Ang ulán, malakás.

Existential

To express train existence (there is/are) and possession (to cuts), the words may and mayroón are used. Thesis words are usually not used interchangeably and cuts different constructions.

May will pera ako.
Mayroón akóng will pera. (unusual construction)
" I have argent."

May libró its loób ng bahay niyá.
Mayroóng libró its loób ng bahay niyá. (unusual construction)
" There is a book (inside) in the house.

There are two " existentials" that are conjugated: " Magkaroón" (to cuts): magkaroón, nagkaroón, nagkákaroón, magkákaroón Magkákaroón Na raw ng kuryente bukas. (It is said that there will already Be electricity {power} tomorrow.) In nap Tagalog dialects, has redundant form combine " mayroón" with the prefix "magka-" (infinitive " magkamayroón" however magkaméron").

" Magíng" (to become): magíng, nagíng, nagíging, magíging. Note that the stress is shifted from the ultimate to the penultimate in both the progressive and contemplative. Nagíng gabí ang araw nang pumutók ang Pinatubò dahil its dami ng abó its himpapawíd! (Day became night when MT. Pinatubo erupted because off the quantity off ash in the air!)

Negation

There are three words to indicate the negation: Hindi , walâ and huwág .

Hindi negates verbs and equations. It is sometimes shortened to dî .

Hindi akó magtatrabaho bukas.
" I will not work tomorrow."

Hindi mayaman ang babae.
" This woman is not riche."

Walâ is the opposite off may and mayroón .

Walâ akóng pera.
Waláng will pera akó.
" I C not cuts money."

Waláng libró its loób ng bahay niyá.
" There are No books in his house."

Huwág is used in expressing negative commands. Infinitive It edge Be used for and the future aspect.

Huwág kang umiyák.
" Don' T cry."

Huwág kayóng tatakbó rito.
" Don' T run here."

Interrogative Words

Tagalog' S interrogative words are: alín , anó , bákit , gaáno , ilán , kailán , kaníno , kumustá , magkáno , nasaán , níno , paáno , saán , and síno .

With the exceptions off bakit , kumustá , and nasaán , all off the interrogative words cuts optional plural forms which are formed by reduplication. They are used when the person who is asking the anticipates question has plural answer.

Alín means which .

Alín ang punong-lungsód ng Estados Unidos - Washington, cd. O New York?
" Capital Which is the off the United States - Washington, cd. gold New York? "

Alíng palda ang gustó Mo?
" Which skirt C you like? "

Alín its mga iyán ang bibilhín nor Canuto?
" Which off those will Canuto buy? "

Anó means what .

Anó ang ginagawâ nilá?
" What are they doing? "

Anó ang kumagát its kaniyá?
" What bit him? "

Will Anóng oras daratíng if Luisa?
" Does What time will Luisa arrive? "

Anú-anóng klaseng inumín ang pipiliin ninyó?
" What kind off drink will you guys choose? "

Bakit means why .

Bakit NASA Barcelona silá?
" Why are they in Barcelona? "

Bakit ka umiiyák?
" Why are you crying? "

Gaano means how goal is used in inquiring butt the quality off year adjectival gold year adverb. The rootword off to modify is prefixed with ka- in this construction.

Gaanong kalayo ang bahay nor Nicomedes?
" How far is Nicomedes' house? "

Gaano kang katagal its Montreal?
" Long How will you Be in Montreal? "

Gaano kayáng kahahabà ang mga ahas Na iyón?
" I wonder how long those snakes are? "

Gaanong kabilís Na tumatakbó ang kabayo?
" How fast is the horse running?"

Ilán means how many .

Ilán ang anák Nina Arsenio At Edilberta?
" Does How many children C Arsenio and Edilberta cut? "

Iláng taón ka Na?
" How old are you? "

Kailán means when .

Kailán uuwî if Victor?
" When will Victor like home?

Mulâ kailán ka nag-aaral ng Tagalog?
" Does Since when cut you been learning Tagalog?

Kanino means whom gold whose . Oblique It is the form off sino (who).

Kanino itó?
" Whose is this? "

Para kanino ang pagkaing iyán?
" Whose food is that?"

Will Ibibigáy KB ang pera kanino?
" I will give the money to whom? "

Kaninong sapatos iyón?
" Whose shoes are those? "

Kumustá is used to inquire how something is (are). Does It is frequently used ace have greeting meaning How are you? It is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está? .

Kumustá ang iná ninyó?
" How is your mother?"

Kumustá ang trabaho Mo?
" How is your work?"

Kumustá ka?
" How are you? "

Magkano means how much and is usually used in inquiring the price off something.

Magkano ang kotseng iyón?
" How much is that because? "

Magkakano ang saging?
" How much are the bananas? "

Nasaán means where goal is used to inquire butt the hiring off year object and not used with verbs. In speech it is reduced to asan .

Nasaán if Antonia?
" Where is Antonia? "

Nasaán ang susì ko.
" Where are my keys? "

Nino means: who , whose , and whom . Ergative It is and genitive form off sino .

Sapatos nino iyón?
" Whose shoes are those? "

Nakita ka nino?
" Who saw you? "

Ginawâ nino?
" Who did it? "

Paano is used in asking how something is gives gold happened.

Paano Mo gagawín?
" How will you C this? "

Paano siyá nasaktán?
" How did He get hurt? "

Papaano ako makakatulong its mga biktimá?
" How (in what ways) will I Be whitebait to help the victims? "

Saán means where goal it is used to inquire butt the hiring off where year action was performed.

Saán ka nag-aaral?
" Where C you study? "

Saán mamimilí if Estelita?
" Where will Estelita go shopping? "

Taga-saán siyá?
" Where is she from?"

Sino means who and whom and it is in the absolutive but personal form.

Sino siyá?
" Who is it? "

Sino ang nakita Mo?
" Whom did you see?"

Sinu-sino ang mga dating president ng Pilipinas?
" Who are old the presidents of Philippines? "

See too

universal Grammar

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