Grammar of Esperanto

Esperanto > Language > Grammar of Esperanto

Pronunciation

In Esperanto, there do not exist null or dumb letters. All the letters decide. A letter = a sound.

Note:

  • “year” decides as in “Anne”, not as in “song”;
  • “in” decides as in “bitch”, not as in “dog”;
  • “one” decides as in “nun”, not as in “candy”;

On a computer, one uses cx for ĉ, gx for ĝ , hx for ĥ, jx for ĵ, sx for ŝ, ux for ŭ.

Regulate 1

There exists one definite article: " la" . The definite article " la" is invariable.

  • the libro = the book

  • the libroj = the books
The absence of " la" corresponds to the indefinite articles, " one, one, des" do not exist in Esperanto.

  • libro = a book

  • libroj = of the books
" La" replace " le" , " la" , " les".

Regulate 2

All the substantives finish in O . ex: patro (father) In the plural one adds the final I patroj (fathers)

The direct objects have the final N owner, patrojn

Regulate 3

All the adjectives finish in has . ex: bona (good) The adjective agrees with the substantive of number and in case.

ex: bona patro, bonaj patroj, bonan owner, bonajn patrojn.

Regulate 4

the cardinal numbers are invariable.

0 no one 1 unu 2 of the 3 tri 4 kvar 5 kvin 6 its 7 sep 8 ok 9 naŭ 10 DEK 100 hundred 1000 millet

To count: DEK of the : 12 (DEK + of), dudek : 20 (of + DEK) dudek tri : 23 (+ DEK + tri) dumil tricent kvardek kvin : 2345

  • One can make substantives of them.
    • ex : nulo, unuo (unit), duet (pair), trio (triplet)
  • One can make adjectives of them.
    • ex : sorted (third), sesa (sixth)
  • the suffix - one gives the fractional ones.
    • du' on' O (a half)
  • the suffix - COp gives collectives.
    • du' op' O (to two)
  • the suffix - obl- gives the multiplicative ones.
    • du' obl' has (double)
  • the preposition Po gives the distributive ones.
    • Po kvin (at a rate of 5)

Regulate 5

the personal pronouns are: semi , (I) VI , (tu/vous), Li , (it) ŝi , (it) ĝi , (" il" , " elle" , for the living beings of unspecified sex or the things) if , (oneself) nor , (us) ili , (" ils" , " elles" , " eux" , for all the cases) oni (one)

One can make possessive adjectives of them: “mia”, “via”, “bound”… “its”, “its”, “them (S)”, go by “sia (J)” when they refer to the subject.

Regulate 6

the verbs are regular. They change neither for the people, nor for the numbers. They change only for times.

  • infinitive with the finale - I

    • ex: far' i' (to make)
  • present at the finale - ace
    • ex: semi far' as' (I make, they make)
  • past with the finale - is
    • ex: semi promen' is' (I walked)
  • future with the finale - bone
    • ex: Li vid' os' (I would see)
  • the conditional one with the finale - custom
    • ex: if far' us' (I would make)
  • the requirement with the finale - U
    • ex: Kant' u' ! (Sings!)

active participles

  • far' - ant- a: making

  • far - int- a: having made
  • far - has a: will be making
participles passifs'

  • far' - At a: being made

  • far - it- a: being made
  • far - ot- a: being to make
Esti (To be) is the only auxiliary verb.
  • Ex: semi estas faranta. (I am making)

Regulate 7

the derived adverb with the finale E .

  • ex : rapid' e' (quickly)

It is invariable, except when it is used in adverbial phrase of place towards which there is direction. It takes N then the accusative of direction.

Comparative: Li will kuras fast fold ol…: it runs more quickly than… Superlative: Li will kuras plej fast kuirejen: it runs as soon as possible to the kitchen.

The adverbs not-derivatives do not have the final E .

Regulate 8

All the prepositions are followed the personal one.

Regulate 9

the words decide as they are written and are written as they decide.

Regulate 10

the tonic accent always falls on the penultimate syllable.

  • ex: laughed la' BO' (to work), famil' I' O (family…)

Regulate 11

the made up words are formed by simple juxtaposition, while placing the basic radical at the end.

  • ex: Birdokanto (Song of bird)

Regulate 12

the negation is expressed by only one mot.

  • Mi neniam smoked (I smoke never)

Regulate 13

One uses the final to indicate the accusative.

  • the kato saltas on the tablon (the cat jumps on the table)
  • Kien VI will go? (Where you go?)
  • Esti antaŭe - esti supre… (To be in front of - to be in top)
  • Iri antaŭen - iri supren… (To go forwards - to go upwards)

Rule 14

the significance of the prepositions is univocal.

The universal preposition I has, only, a variable direction:

  • ex: Semi parolas pri VI (I speak about you)
  • ex: I kioma horo? (With what time?)
  • ex: Kredi I io (To believe in something)

Regulate 15

the international words are taken again such as they are in Esperanto, after an orthographical adaptation.

  • ex : teatro (theater), lifto (elevator), radaro (radar),…

Regulate 16

the singular substantive without the accusative and the definite article can lose their last vowel which is then replaced by an apostrophe.

Tabel-vortoj

Tabel-vortoj means “words of the table”, which does not have a satisfactory equivalent in French. It is about a limited series of function words, presented individually in the part “dictionary” of Fundamento (and not in the form of table like Ci below - although incontestably, it is in this form that these words were built).
One sometimes gave the names of “correlatives” to these words, which is abusive, because only the words in “ ki -” and in “ Ti -” are correlative, and which there exist other correlatives which are not in the table.

The grammar summarized in seven points

The grammar summarized in seven points would make it possible to explain why Esperanto (international abbreviation Eo) would be regarded as seven times easier to learn than the other languages with international statute.

These seven points would explain the facility of Eo which would be to allot to its regularity (conjugation, plural, etc), its simplicity (vocabulary), its clearness (immediate recognition of the nonverbal and verbal endings), the stability of its base or base, Fundamento which was necessary for its diffusion .

I-phonetics (fonetiko)

The tonic Accent is always on before last Syllabe. This brings Eo closer to the majority of the words of the principal in particular Latin European languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian. If it is observed that it - E final dumb of French changes into - O or - has etc, for example word parol/o and that many French words finished by a consonant are seen adding a final vowel in Eo e.g. passport pasport/o, one includes/understands the relationship of the vocabulary, even of the pronunciation with the languages source Latin and to a lesser extent so Germanic and Slavic which borrowed many Latin words and in particular English. This rule would contribute to the facility of training and the clearness of Eo.

The writing is Phonétique like many languages in the world, a letter = a sound and a sound = a letter.

II-morphology

The definite article is. The indefinite article does not exist. On this point Eo took as a starting point the simplicity of English by completely deleting the indefinite article already omitted in the plural in English. To distinguish the masculine from female one uses the /in suffix which indicates the being of female sex like re/ine, queen (ku/in) in English (In), German konig/in, innate tsar/in Russian, reg./ina in Latin etc

The nonverbal endings or terminations are for the name parol/o, - /oj, /on, /ojn, respectively for the singular (sg) and the plural (pl) of personal or prone case and the accusative or case direct object (c.o.d.); for the adjective respectively - /a, - /aj, - /an and - /ajn; finally for the adverb - /e. The principal Western international languages recognized by UNO English, French, Spanish have the accusative reduced to the personal pronoun, respectively I, me (In), I, me and yo, me (Es) etc Eo however preserved the accusative extended to the whole of the C.O.D. like German, Russian for reasons of clearness. Thus the knowledge of a root generates when that has direction three words nonverbal. For example parol/o or - /a or - /e means word, oral examination, orally.

The knowledge of the prone personal pronouns, mi= I, vi= you or you as in Of, li= it, shi= it, ghi pronounces dji = it neutral or it In, nor = us, ili = they, they, makes it possible to generate the accusative personal pronouns or C.O.D. mi/n, wine etc, the possessive adjectives mi/a = my etc and the possessive pronouns the mia= mine etc

Eo simplified the verbal forms. Following the example invariable English preterite there is no conjugation and the personal pronouns indicate the people. At the code Eo preserved three times most used characterized each one by an ending semi parol/as present, VI parol/is passed and shi parol/os future. Eo also preserved the modes most universal infinitive - /i; the volitive requirement - /u and the conditional one - /us. Finally the use of the active participles present - /ant like am/anto = lover, last - /int and future - passive /ont and participles in the same order - /at, - /it, - /ot as of some adverbs makes it possible to translate all the nuance verbal possible. There is an auxiliary verb for the participles the verb est/i= to be.

III-syntax and vocabulary

The made up words are formed on the English or German model, the principal word being at the end. Moreover Eo uses forty regular affixes, prefixes and especially suffixes, which would generate a simplification in the training of the vocabulary.

See too

External bonds

    Precise
  • of grammar of Esperanto (in tables with format pdf)
  • Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko

Be-X-old: Граматыкаэспэранта

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