Grammar occitane

The grammar occitane presents many similarities with the French Grammaire, the Italian Grammaire and the Spanish Grammaire. Indeed, the Occitan belongs to the same linguistic family as the Italian , the French and the Spanish , i.e. that of the Romance languages.

The name

Are invariable in theory:

The pronoun

  • Prone pronouns

As in the other southernmost Romance languages, the verbs are normally used without prone pronoun, the endings sufficient to identify the verbal forms (the occitan is distinguished on this point from French and the Francoprovençal). One employs the personal pronoun only to insist on the subject or to give more weight to the sentence (except in the Limousin, or the use tends to being as in French).

Personal pronouns complement

Relative pronouns

  • relative invariable

  • relative variables

  • Interrogative

  • Conclusive

  • The adjective

  • The possessive adjective

Formation of the female one

  • Articles

  • Definite articles

  • the singular definite article: lo (male), the (female) or the in front of a vowel (masculine and female).

  • the plural definite article: los (male), tired (female). Into of Provence, the aricle definite plural, masculine and female is lei which takes a S in front of a vowel.

  • Contraction of the prepositions has and followed definite article: it is done in front of a male, singular or plural word, starting with a consonant. It is done neither in front of a male name starting with a vowel (with the elided article), nor in front of a female name (except into of Provence with female plural).

    • has + lo: with, Al

    • has + los: aus, als.
    • has + lei (of Provence): have, board in front of a vowel.

    • of + lo: dau, deu, LED.

    • of + los: daus, deus, dels.
    • of + lei (of Provence): dei, deis in front of a vowel.

Indefinite articles

  • singular Indefinite article: a (male), una or ua in Gascon (female). The Limousin knows also the form Na with female (apheresis).

  • plural Definite article: of . In Gascon, one does not employ it. In the Limousin, one a: daus (male) and of mow (female).

Partitive articles

  • Formation of plural

  • General rule

  • Made up words

  • Augmentatives and diminutives

  • Augmentatives

  • Diminutives

  • Comparative

  • Comparative of greater degree

  • Comparative of lesser degree

  • Comparative of equality

  • Adverbs

  • Assertion

  • Doubt

  • Negation

  • Time

  • Quantity

  • Place

  • Prepositions

  • Conjunctions

  • Coordinating conjuctions

  • Subordinating conjunctions

  • Conjunctions of made up conjunctions

The verb

One distributes the verbs occitans in three categories according to their termination: verbs in - rear , verbs in - ir , and verbs in - er or - Re .

Auxiliary verbs

As in French or Italian, the auxiliary verbs used in the conjugation of made up times are the verb aver (A) and the verb èsser or estar (to be).

Verbs with vocalic alternation

  • Irregular verbs

  • The énonciatif one

  • Assertion: THAT
  • Exclamation: BE
  • Interrogation: E
  • Wish: E
  • to point out a conjunction, a relative pronoun: quan … E or which … E
  • In the interpolated clauses (verbs: to say, make…) E

Sequence of tenses

times

The present indicative

Terminations of the verb in - rear :

Terminations of the verbs in - ir :

Many verbs finishing in - ir is of type Inchoatif. They are combined by intercalating a particle known as Infixe between the radical and the termination: Radical + Infix + Termination. The infix ones are: EISH, ISH, ESC, or ISC.

Terminations of the verbs in - er or - Re :

With the 3rd person of the singular, one can observe a change of the consonant of the radical in certain cases: saber gives sap , poder gives pòt , to say gives ditz .

The last participle

  • last Participle of the verbs in - rear : radical + At (mausculin) or ada (female). Lo tren be arribat, will veitura it are arribada (the train arrived, the car arrived).

Made up past

It gets busy to say an action started in the past and which is prolonged or had consequences in the present. It is built with the auxiliare èsser/estar or the auxiliare aver followed last participle: have parlat , its arribats . The verb èsser/estar is its clean auxiliare, like that of the reflexive verbs, in general. The adverb of negation or quantity, is placed in general between the auxiliary and the last participle: Do not have dejunat .

Future

The negative sentence

  • In general, the adverb of negation ( not , never , gaire not …) places itself after the verb: Did not speak (he does not speak). In Gascon and of Provence, one finds: Not/did not speak or Non spoke .

Numeral words

  • Cardinals

  • Ordinal

  • Other words

  • The stressing

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