Grammar Dutchwoman

See also: Amorce= the context of the article can be found in the following articles, Grammaire, Dutch, Langue, Portail: languages

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MORPHOLOGY - basic grammar of Dutch

The determinant

The determinant - Definition

The determinant is a word which precedes a name and which makes it possible this name to be used in a sentence.

ex: The files are arranged in this cupboard. (and not °Dossiers are arranged in cupboard: and this are determinants).

The majority of the determinants receive the marks of kind (male, female) and of number (singular, plural) of the name which they determine.

If you want to know the programs of this evening, call our hostesses. (them: plural masculine like programs; this: female singular like evening; our: female plural as hostesses.)

One classifies the determinants in various categories according to information which they bring: possessive articles, determinants, conclusive determinants…

One takes care today to distinguish the determinants (which one called formerly possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective…) adjectives (which one called qualifying adjective): the adjectives can be removed, they can be placed after the name, one can employ several adjectives. The determinants do not have these characteristics.

The green file is arranged in the large cupboard. (One can say the file is arranged in the cupboard, but not green °dossier is arranged in large cupboard).

The name preceded by the determinant thus loses its simple statute of word of the dictionary (dog) while returning it to a reality of the world (a dog, the dog). This is why, generally, the proper name, which by its nature only returns to a reality of the world, does not need determinant in a sentence.

Catherine arrived. (The proper name Catherine gets busy without determinant).

The secretary arrived. (The common noun secretary is employed with a determinant it).

It is the same Dutch thing…

The article

HET or OF?

The fundamental distinction for we French-speaking who learn Dutch is not so much the distinction of three kinds: masculines, female, neutral… but well that of the " Of-WOORDEN" and of the " HET-WOORDEN".

" Of-woorden" correspond to the male/female kind while the " Het-woorden" aim at the neutral kind.

This fundamental distinction involves in particular a difference in the agreement of the adjective for example.

In theory, a word has only one determinant (het OR of) it exists some exceptions in addition:

- the words which can be used with het AND of and which do not change a direction - the words which are used with het AND of but which changes direction.

For the compound words, one will notice that it is the last word of the proposal which will determine or the HET. For example: het kranten' artikel' (of krant, het artikel)

How to know if it is het or of it is necessary to use? in theory, the hetwoorden are rarer than the dewoorden but here some small tricks to know when to use HET - for the names of language (het Frans) - for the names of city, country, provinces, regions accompanied by a qualification (het oude Brussel) - for the cardinal points (het noorden, het zuiden, het oosten, het westen - for the matter or metal names (het goud: gold) - for the majority of the sport (het voetbal) - with certain suffixes: I, - ism, - asme, - gram, - lie, - salt, - um (but attention of datum, of petroleum) - the substantives starting with GE, BE, WORM, HAVE (but without suffix) are generally neutral - substantives returning to a “collective” and formed by means of the prefixes and suffixes " GE… - TE. For example: het gebergte (assembly line) - adjectives, verbs and pronouns used as substantives (tijdens het lesgeven: geven to give course)

Only one Dutch indefinite article: EEN/'NR

Dutch does not have a plural indefinite article which corresponds to " des/de" in French nor of partitive article, contrary to French!!!

is there questions? Zijn er vragen?

It is noticed that in this case the negation is GEEN (er zijn geen vragen)

Omission of the definite article (of or het) in Dutch

1. There is no definite article in front of the names indicating a profession, a title or a degree of relationship. Example: Professor Tournesol --> Professor Zonnebloem

2. It there not of article in front of the names of country, contrary to French Example: Belgium is a small country --> België is een klein Land. EXCEPT IN THE PLURAL!!! De Ardennen zijn een mooie streek (the Ardennes are a beautiful area)

3. There is no article in front of the names of language safe in the event of utitilisation of a preposition. Even compare: Speak the German ? How known as you that in German? Spreekt U Duits? Hoe zegt men dat in het Duits?

Use of the definite article in Dutch and not in French

When a proper name is followed of a title, one employs the numeral ordinal one (see further) preceded by the definite article. for example: Léopold Two: Léopold OF TWEEDE or Hendrik de Derde or Lodewijk de Veertiende …

Indefinite article (catégoriel) to express a general direction

In certain cases, the indefinite article is used to refer to an element of a whole category, as in French. E.g.: An accident never arrives only. Een ongeluk komt zelden alleen.

Let us note however that contrary to French, this possibility exists in the plural in Dutch: ongelukken komen zelden alleen. There are no differences in direction between these sentences in the plural and their correspondents in the singular. It is necessary to compare the catégoriel direction (1), the indefinite direction (2) and the indefinite but individualized direction (3). Three examples:

(1) Een kind heeft het recht you spelen/Kinderen hebben het recht you spelen.

(2) Ik heb drie keer een kind zien vallen : indefinite direction - they are three different children. In the plural, the sentence takes very an other direction: ik heb drie keer kinderen zien vallen - it is affirmed here that three times were seen something and here one saw falling a child (singular) or falling from the child (in the plural)

(3) Ik heb een kind drie keer zien vallen - een kind is always indefinite but here they is three times the same child who fell. Here another example to differentiate the " simple" indefinite (A) of indefinite individualized (B): Een universiteit is een bevoorrechte instelling (A) Universiteiten zijn bevoorrechte instelligen.

The definite article expressing a generic direction

Just like in French, the definite article can also express a generic Dutch direction. In the actual position of research, there remains difficult to specify in which case the generic and catégoriel direction is recut. One can use a generic article only if what one says of (what one applies to) all the category is applicable to each individual… but the differences are subtle…

The possessive one

Accentuated and not accentuated forms

|Accentuated forms| not accentuated forms| IK |mijn|me N I |jouw|I| U |uw|uw| HIJ |zijn|z' N| ZE |haar|R| WE |ons/eleven|ons/eleven| JULIE |jullie/je|Julie| ZE |hun|hun/d' R|

Dat is mijn fiets yesterday… heb I I boek gelezen?

" Ons" & " Onze"

First person plural of the possessive determinant is ons/eleven " Ons" be used with all the " HET-woorden" (singular neutral names): ons kind (het kind), ons office, etc " Onze" be used with all the " Of-woorden" : eleven kinderen, eleven bureaus, etc…

me N & z' n"

these abbreviations are found when one wants to reproduce or suggest the spoken form. When these forms are marked, they decide in an accentuated way:

dat is mijn boek (it is my delivers!)

" je" , " jouw" & " jou"

jou is a personal pronoun and jouw a possessive determinant! With not confusing!

Ik heb of hele tijd aan jou gedacht (I all the time thought of you) ik heb jouw zus gezien (I saw your sister) The accentuated forms are often used when one contrasts them with other elements.

z' N… " puts;

there exist certain expressions which use this form of contraction… In the expressions " to two, three, dix" ,…, one generally employs puts z' N + the number +. The speaker can however also specify if it is included in the group (ons puts…) An example: Ze moesten puts z' N tienen voortspelen -- they had to continue to play ten.

A possessive determinant in French but not in Dutch

1. When one addresses to a member of his family or a soldier (dag, oom/begrepen kapitein) 2. In a series of expressions (English cf has friend off mine) 3. When the possessive determinant (in French), the pronominal adverb (in Dutch) is in an object-relationship. Let us compare: of verbetering van Jan --> ZIJN verbetering is uitstekend (its correction); of verbetering van of fouten --> of verbetering ERVAN (their)

A possessive determinant in Dutch but not in French

1. Dutch claims the use of possessive determinants whereas French uses a construction with a reflexive verb in the expressions (literal) implying part of the body. Example: it broke the arm --> Ze heeft haar ARM gebroken. Certain expressions are however parallel to those used in French. Example: all in the head my guy is --> het zit allemaal in het koppie, man! They are mainly (but not exclusively) metaphorical expressions where the parts of the body are taken with the illustrated direction.

2. In expressions such as: COp z' N laatst/op z' N vroegst morgen - at the latest, as soon as possible tomorrow Dat is COp z' N mins overdreven - that is at the very least exaggerated. Ze spreekt COp z' N Amsterdams - she speaks like one does it in Amsterdam Een typische oplossing COp z' N Belgisch - a typical solution with the Belgian.

Possessive pronouns

On the basis of accentuated possessive determinant, one can form the possessive pronouns. They are used to avoid the repetition of a substantive preceded by a possessive determinant. Dat is jouw/mijn/PEN (clock) in dat is of (het) mijne/jouwe/zijne/hare/onze/hunne.

In the spoken language, one will find the expressions rather: die/dat van mij (jou, hen) Also let us note that with Julie, the only possible form is " die/dat van jullie"

thus: dat is jouw kopje niet, het is dat van hem… dat is jouw vork niet, het is die van haar… dat zijn eleven jassen niet, het zijn die van Julie. etc etc

The conclusive one

" Known as-dat" , " deze-die"

Determinants and pronouns

The same forms can be at the same time determining and pronouns. Ken I die jongen/dat meisje? Do you know this boy/this girl? Ik vind deze schoenen beter daN die. I find these shoes better than these.

Employment

The numeral one

Cardinal numbers

" is written; één" with the two acute accents when there is risk of confusion with the indefinite article, they are homographs but not homophonous.

Names

Plural

In a general way, the words in the plural take at the end, or only - N if it finishes already by - E .

One adds - S if the word finishes by - el , - EM , - er , - aar , , I , - IE .

One adds - 'S if the word finishes by - has , - O , - I , - U

For the words which finish by - heid , one replaces the termination by - heden

Exceptions:

of stad : of steden
het schip : of schepen
het kind : of kinderen

Diminutives

The nominal group

The pronoun

personal pronoun

reflexive pronoun

- considered personal pronouns

Their forms are the same ones as those of the personal pronouns complements safe to the 2èmes (polished forms) 3èmes people for which “zich” is used.

Ex:

Note::

The pronoun “zich” can be preceded by a preposition.

reciprocal pronoun

- the reciprocal pronoun “elkaar”

It translates French “”, “us”, “you” (= one the other)

Ex: Ze ontmeten elkaar om drie uur.

Note::

Like the pronoun “zich”, “elkaar” can be preceded by a preposition.

possessive pronoun

interrogative pronoun

exclamative pronoun

conclusive pronoun

relative pronoun

indefinite pronoun

The adjective

Agreement of the adjective

a) Het kind is klein. b) Het kleine kind c) Dat is een klein kind.- Dat is geen klein kind. Hij drinkt koel toilets. An adjective can arise in two forms: Attribute: it follows the verb. It is the case of a) example Epithet: it is in front of the word that it qualifies. It is the case of the examples B and C.

If the adjective is attribute (if it follows the verb): One changes nothing, one leaves it like that! Examples: Hij is mooi. - Mijn fiets is blauw. - I hond is klein. - Mijn broek is nat. - Of car is groot.

All the adjectives here are attributes: they thus follow the verb one does not change anything!!! If the adjective is epithet (if it is in front of the word which it qualifies): One adds one - E to the adjective… Hij is een mooie jongen. - Dat is een blauwe fiets. - Een kleine hond. All the adjectives here are epithet: they are in front of the word which they thus qualify one adds one - E!!!

… except if the 3 following conditions are met:

the name is neutral .
the name is with the singular .
the name is indefinite (Preceded by een, geen or of the vacuum (X)).

average a mnemotechnics to retain its three conditions is word SIN ( S ingulier, NR eutre, I ndéfini ).

Then to this moment, and only if the three conditions mentioned above are met, one does not add - E to the attributive adjective.

Het door Ik woon in een mooi door. Pas de - E because the three conditions are joined together: 1° het door (the name is in the singular) 2° there is een in front of the adjective Het toilets Hij drinkt X koel toilets Pas de - E because the three conditions are joined together: 1° het toilets (the name is in the singular) 2° there is the vacuum in front of the adjective.

Het meisje Ik speel puts twee jonge meisjes One is needed - E here because the three conditions are not joined together: 1° the name is in the plural (meisjes) 2° there is twee in front of the adjective

Of car Jan heeft een nieuwe car. One is needed - E here because the three conditions are not joined together: 1° of car (the name is in the singular) 2° there is een in front of car. - Remarks One adds to the adjectives indicating of the matters Een gouden boxing ring a gold ring Een zilveren vork a silver fork It is necessary to take account of the rules of orthography Rood Een grinds fiets Wit Een witte broek

the comparative one

superlative

The verb

Credit

Introduction

O.T.T.

The O.T.T. (Onvoltooid Tegenwoordigen Tijd) corresponds in French to the present indicative.

O.V.T.

The O.V.T. (Onvoltooid Verleden Tijd) corresponds in French to the imperfect code.

O.Tk.T.

O.Tk.T corresponds in French to the future code.

O.V.Tk.T.

O.V.Tk.T corresponds in French to the conditional present.

V.T.T.

The V.T.T. (Verleden tegenwoordigen Tijd) corresponds in French to the made up last code.

V.V.T.

The V.V.T. (Voltooid verleden Tijd) corresponds in French to the code pluperfect.

V.Tk.T.

V.Tk.T corresponds in French to the former future code.

V.V.Tk.T.

V.V.Tk.T corresponds in French to conditional last.

Liability

In Dutch, the liability is very often used.

Separable and inseparable verbs

Zijn and hebben

Auxiliaries of mode

The adverb

The adverb of time

The rental adverb

It is useful to compare these adverbs with the pronouns:

The pronominal adverb

Often the combination preposition + pronoun is replaced by a pronominal adeverbe. One replaces the pronoun by a rental adverb corresponding and the preposition by his adverbial form (the adverb prépositional):

van + known as => hiervan
in + wat? => waarin?

For some prepositions the adverbial form is different from the preposition itself:

puts + het => er' mee'

It ya also of the prépositionaux adverbs which miss a corresponding preposition:

er' af', er' heen'

Some prepositions miss an adverbial form, like via , tijdens .

Personal pronominal adverbs

• They are composed of er+préposition. If there is one or more other complement, the pronominal adverbs are divided in the following way: “er” is placed in general after the conjugated verb and the preposition at the end of the sentence.

Ex:

het boek ligt COp zijn office => het boek ligt erop

The replacement is obligatory in this case. The combination préposition+ pronoun: *op + het does not exist.

• Despite everything, the elements generally placed at the end of the sentence keeps this place:

> ER + COMPLEMENTS + INFINITIVE (1) /PARTICULE SEPARABLE (2) /PARTICIPE LAST (3)

Ex:

Hij moest over die zaak puts zij vrouw spreken => Hij moest er puts zijn vrouw over spreken.
Hij kwam puts die boeken naar door terug => Hij kwam er naar door mee terug.
Ik heb Al COp zijn vraag geantwoord => Ik heb er Al COp geantwoord.

• The “er” is placed:

after the verb conjugated in a general sentence
after the subject when there is inversion

Ex:

Gisteren lag zijn broek nog COp of stoel => Gisteren lag zijn broek er nog COp.

• At the time of the transformation into adverb, certain prepositions change form:

puts => er+mee
early => er+toe
naar (direction) => er+naartoe
van (movement going down) => er+af
van and uit (provnance) => er+vandaan

• When the adverb must replace a preposition + a person, one writes this same preposition + the adequate pronoun.

Ex:

Vader wacht altijd COp moeder => Vader wacht altijd COp haar.

Conclusive pronominal adverbs

• They are the accentuated form of the personal pronominal adverb, can be also divided and are often placed at the beginning of simple sentence.

• They are composed of “yesterday” or “daar” + preposition.

Ex:

Ze doet het vlees in known as paper
: Hierin doet ze het vlees
: Yesterday doet ze het vlees in

Interrogative pronominal adverbs

• They are composed of “waar” +préposition which replaces construction préposition+ “wat”. They can be also divided and the adverb prépositional is placed then at the end of the sentence.

hij lacht erom
hij lacht er hartelijk om

• The elements which are usually placed at the end of the sentence keeps this place:

> WAAR + PREPOSITION (or after the compl.) + V + S + COMPL. + INFINITIVE (1) /PARTICULE SEPARABLE (2)/LAST PARTICIPLE (3)

Ex:

Waarop kan hij niet antwoorden ? => waar kan hij niet COp antwoorden?
Waarin heeft ze geld gestopt ? => waar heeft ze geld in gestopt?
Waarmee komt hij vandaag terug ? => waar komt hij vandaag mee terug ?

The word waarom? (why?) is often not divided

• When it acts people the formation is the following one: PREPOSITION + WIE

Ex:

COp wie wacht long vader Al?

Relative pronominal adverbs

• They are also composed of “waar” + preposition and can be also divided. They get busy when the antecedent is a thing or an animal.

Ex:

Het door, waaraan we dachten, was Al verkocht.

• For a person, one still employs the formation préposition+ “wie”

Ex:

Of kinderen, COp wie of leraar wacht, zijn vrolijk.

In this case the replacement pronomimal is considered a little impolite, especially in writing, but it more and more is heard.

Some prepositions which miss an adverb must use a relative pronoun:

Known as was of the tijdens dewelke ik ziek werd

Such constructions are to be avoided because the pronouns as dewelke (which) are antiquated.

Indefinite, negative, general pronominal adverbs

The pronouns iets , niets , ales are replaced by ergens , nergens and overal but the formed adverbial expressions are always written divided:

hij zit aan ales => hij zit overal aan (it touches all)

ik heb een probleem puts iets => ik heb ergens een probleem mee

" ER "

SYNTAX of the sentence Dutchwoman

Two poles of the sentence Dutchwoman

Formal organization of the sentence Dutchwoman

Structure of subordinate - of bijzin

Fifteen special verbs

What does one find at the end of the sentence?

What does one find between the two poles?

Distribution of the pronominal adverbs

Direct infinitive (without TE) - infinitive direct (with TE)

Negation

The starter of the sentence - of aanloop

Special constructions

Bonds

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