Gold horde

Horde of Gold , Mongolian dynasty resulting from Djötchi, the oldest son of Gengis Khan, which conquered and controlled the Russian steppes during the XIII {{E}} and 14th centuries, inter alia.

1237 - 1242: The Mongolian conquered the Russian principalities and ruined all the Russian cities except Novgorod (Kiev, Vladimir, Souzdal, Riazan, Kolomna).

Half of the Russian population perished during the Mongolian invasion. The survivors fled towards the North-East, in the areas timbered between the the Scandinavian Volga and the Oka, where the grounds were poor, but colder climate, where the shopping streets were controlled by the Horde. The construction of stone buildings ceased during two hundred years.

The Mongolian had pushed their incursions until the Poland and Russia and the Russian princes remained tributary of their Khan S until the end of the 15th century.

Also territory of current the Russia controlled by the Mongolian riders . The lifestyle of these riders made impossible the definition of this zone in term of territory delimited by borders.

The Gold Horde or Khanat of Kiptchak of the name of the former occupants of the area the Kiptchak or Coumans was composed of the Blue Horde in the west, directed by the descendants of Batu and the White Horde in the east (towards the Kazakhstan) controlled by those of Orda.

Pieces of the territories of the Gold Horde will constitute the khanats Kazan, of Astrakhan, Sibir (western of the Siberia) and of the Crimea, this last only attached to the Russia in 1783.

Punitive incursions and of plundering of the Gold Horde in Russia

  • 1252 : The horde of Nevruy devastates Pereyaslavl-Zalesskiy and Souzdal.

  • 1273 : The Mongols tackle the area bordering on principality of Novgorod.
  • 1281 : The horde of Kovdygay and Alchiday destroyed Murom and Pereyaslavl, it ruins the neighborhoods of Souzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuriev-Polskiy, Tver, Torzhok.
  • 1282 : The Mongols attack Vladimir and Pereslavl-Zalessky.
  • 1283 : the Mongols plunder Rylsk, Lipetsk, Koursk and Vorgol.
  • 1285 : the military chief of the Mongols Eltoray, the son of Temir, plunder Riazan and Murom.
  • 1293 : The military chief of the Dyuden Mongols comes to Russia and plunders fourteen cities, Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Souzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Mozhaysk, Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Uglitch. During the same summer, the son of Khan Takhtamir plunders the principality of Tver and captures slaves in the principality of Vladimir.
  • 1307, 1315, 1317, 1318, 1322: forwardings of plundering of the gold Horde in the principalities of Riazan, Tver, Kostroma, Yaroslavl.
  • 1327 : Punitive incursion of the Gold Horde into the principality of Tver.
  • 1358, 1365, 1373: Tatars tackle the principality of Riazan.
  • 1375, 1377, 1378: Tatars tackle the area bordering on principality of Nizhniy Novgorod.
  • 1382 : Khan Tokhtamysh burns Moscow completely, of tens of thousands of Muscovites perish.
  • 1408 : Tatars plunder Serpukhov, the neighborhoods of Moscow, Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Yuriev, Dmitrov, Nizhni Novgorod, Galitsch.
  • 1410 : Tatars destroy Vladimir.
  • 1449, 1451, 1455, 1459: Tatars plunder the neighborhoods of Moscow
  • 1480: Great halt on the river Ougra , end of the yoke tataro-Mongolian.

List of Khans of the Gold Horde

Blue Horde, then Gold Horde

  • 1227 - 1255: Batu, wire of Djötchi

  • 1255 - 1256: Sartaq wire of Batu
  • 1256 - 1257: Ulaqtchi wire of batu
  • 1257 - 1267: Berké brother of Batu
  • 1267 - 1280: Mengü Temür small son of Batu
  • 1280 - 1287: Tuda Mengü brother of Mengü Temür
  • 1287 - 1290: Tula Buqa wire of Baita nephew of the precedents
  • 1290 - 1312: Ghiyas ED-DIN Toqtaï (or Toqto' a) wire of Mengü Temür
  • 1312 - 1340: Ghiyas ED-DIN Mohammed Özbeg wire of Toghrul and small son of Mengü Temür
  • 1340 - 1340: Tinibeg wire of Özbzg
  • 1340 - 1357: Djelal ED-DIN Mahmud Djanibeg wire of Özbeg
  • 1357 - 1359: Mohammed Berdibeg wire of Djanibeg
  • 1359 - 1359: Kulna brother of the precedent
  • 1359 - 1361: Mohammed Nuruzbeg brother of the precedent

rival Families

  • 1361 - 1380: period of anarchy where the real capacity belongs to the general Mamaï resulting from Khan Nogaï

  • 1359 - 1361: Mahmud Khirz wire of Bada Kul Khan de Turan

  • 1361 - 1363: Merdad wire of Mahmud Khirz
  • 1361 - 1361: Temür Khodjah
  • 1361 - 1363: Kilibeg
  • 1361 - 1363: Mürad Khodjah
  • 1363 - 1363: Kütlügh Khodjah
  • 1363 - 1367: Pulad Khodjah wire of Ming Temür Khan de Turan and brother of Mahmud Khirz
  • 1363 - 1367: Aziz Sheykh wire of Alibeg
  • 1363 - 1369: Abdallah
  • 1367 - 1371: Hassan beg brother of Aziz Sheykh
  • 1370 - 1373: Tülüngbeg Khan de Turan, wire of Ming Temür and nephew of Mahmud Khirz
  • 1373 - 1375: Ilban brother of the precedent
  • 1375 - 1377: Ghiyas ED-DIN Khaghan wire of Ilban
  • 1377 - 1378: Arab Shah wire of Pulad
  • 1370 - 1378: Ghiyas ED-DIN Mohammed Bülak

White Horde

For the period of 1395 with 1419 the White Horde (Eastern Kiptachk) was entirely controlled by Edigu, Khan of Nogaïs, which played until its death exactly the same part as his/her relative Mamaï in Western Kiptachk for the period of 1361 with 1378.

In 1502, the Russians reversed the empire of Kiptchak and their ally Mengli Giray, Khan of the Crimea, took and destroyed the capital Saraï.

Heirs to the Gold Horde

The Nogai horde, wandering between the Irtych and the the Volga, the Khanat S of the Crimea, of Astrakhan of Kazan and Sibir were the heirs to the Gold Horde.

In 1571, the khan Devlet I Giray of the Crimea with a horde of 120.000 riders devastated Moscow and seized a great quantity of slaves. The incursions of the Tatars of the Crimea and the hordes transvolgiennes are prolonged until the 18th century. Each year, the noble Cossacks and young people left for the service guet and from patrol, the Russian frontier territories against the incursions tatares protected.

To the 16th century and 17th centuries, the border between the State of Moscovie and the world of the nomads passed not far from Moscow, in the south of Riazan on the river Oka, and of Elets on the river Sosna, the affluent of the Don. The hordes tatares controlled to perfection the tactics of the incursions, by choosing the way according to the watersheds.

Their main road towards Moscow was " Muravski Chljakh" , of the the Crimea until Toula between the rivers Dniepr and Donets Scandinavian. Being inserted in Russia on 100 to 200 kilometers, the nomads turned over behind and, deploying starting from the principal detachment, of broad wings of soldiers, they plundered and made prisoners. Those Ci were sold like slaves with the Turkey and even to the European countries. The town of Caffa in the Crimea was one of principal the market of the draft of the slaves.

See too

External bonds

  • Genealogy
  • the gold Horde and Russia by Red-headed Jean-Paul, honorary Research director at CNRS.

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