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Walking like mode of locomotion

One opposes it here to the modes of locomotion like the Reptation, the Nage and the race.

Psychomotricity

The station upright and the fact that the displacement of the body mass is made whereas it is not supported that by only one member imply the exploitation of the direction of the balance. Walk is defined by the fact that there is always at least a support on the ground, in opposition to the Race on foot, in which there can not be a support on the ground at a given time.

The whole of the system muscular and osseous is put at contribution (without excess) at the time of walk, which in fact a sport of maintenance in form appreciated and often recommended (see below).

Acquisition by the child

After one period during which the Enfant explores his universe while crawling, it gradually will be rectified on its legs, then to try some steps. This stage generally proceeds between 12th and the 20th month.

Comparison with the other modes of locomotion

The walking is the mode of locomotion not assisted more the energy saver and less stressing for the organization. It makes it possible to move at a speed being able to reach 5 km/h.

Description of the mechanism

Walk is generated by the swing in front of the body in position upright, which causes a movement of fall, caught up with by the projection of a leg forwards. More in detail, walk rests on a mechanism with double beam made up of the legs and arms. The basin is indeed subjected naturally to a Rotation when a leg is projected ahead because this movement is done resting against the opposite leg. It is to thwart this rotation that the arms carry out an opposite movement with that of the legs. Thus, the basin preserves the same axis, which makes it possible to go right. Then, to catch up with the movement of fall as long as walk lasts, the back leg is in its turn projected ahead by using its potential energy, which makes it possible to also save the effort, while the arms carry out the opposite movement, by using their potential energy. Walk is stopped by a rectification of the body.

Walking like mode of displacement

It can be opposed to various categories of modes of displacements:

it is not mechanized and not motorized;
it is individual.

Modal share according to the countries

In any displacement of an individual suited, walk constitutes the first and the last stage of displacement: to go to a vehicle and to return from there if displacement includes/understands one of them.

It is considered on average that in the industrialized countries, the average distance from a walk within the framework of a displacement with an objective is of a few hundred meters (seldom more than 500). Beyond, other modes of displacement become more interesting and take the step (Vélo, public transport, Automobile…).

The displacements entirely made with foot thus vary largely according to the average length of displacements of the individuals in their city, and according to the availability of alternative means of transport, motorized or not.

The walking like component of a multimode way (for example, walk + public transport) strongly depends on the organization and of the availability of public transport, insofar as the latter do not ensure a displacement carries to door.

Individual and collective benefit

The exercise which it gets supports the Santé by the reduction in the risk of Cardiovascular disease. Not polluting, it does not contribute to the increase in the Gaz to greenhouse effect.

Not requiring a Vehicle, this mode does not imply the development of particular infrastructures nor the reservation of spaces dedicated to storage (like the Parking S).

The flexibility of walk as a mode of locomotion compared to the nature of the ground makes it possible to cross inaccessible passages by mechanized means (gone up staircases, mountain lanes…).

Risks

The body accident risk is relatively relatively low: in urban environment, its frequency is comparable with that of the bicycle and slightly higher than that of the car.

The exposure to the pollutants present in the air is slightly larger than in the vehicles, which increases the pulmonary disease risks associated.

Walking like sport

History of the walking

Origins

The walking, distinct from walk with four legs, is the mode of displacement of the Bipède S. It was used in a more or less skilful way as of the appearance of the first Hominien S, approximately 2 million years ago. This mode of displacement allowed a release of the front members, gradually released for the handling of tools, simultaneously with walk. Consequently, the walking is not any more one simple means of displacement, it becomes the means by which the man projects his action. It thus accompanies the evolution by the mankind by creating the conditions of a development of its intellectual faculties.

However, the man is not the first animal to have invented the walking. It had already appeared at certain Dinosaure S 180 million years ago, in particular at tyrannosaure. The majority of the Oiseau X preserved this faculty which is more rarely found at the Mammifère S and the Reptile S.

The paleolithic one at the industrial era

The walking a long time remained the only means of displacement of the man with the race. It is thus with foot that the man conquered the continents African and eurasiatic where one finds traces of his passage at the time Neolithic Paléolithique and especially , i.e. well before the domestication of the horse. Even after the invention of the Wheel, the Roman legions move with foot, and walk is still largely used for displacements of use to the Moyen-âge whereas the possession of a mounting is an attribute of richness. With the apogee of the empire INCA, the messages could be transmitted in a few days through all the territory thanks to the network of roads and relay skirting Cordilière. At the end of the 18th century, the cutting of the French territory in communes is done on the basis of distance covered with foot in one day.

The invention of the car

It will be necessary to await the popularization of the Automobile at the 20th century to modify the relationship of the man with the walking. This invention then gives birth to the phantasm from abolition of the constraint of space and time, which one finds in the permanent research speed. On the functional level, walk is thus put in competition with a car accessible to all, but also with the bicycle and public transport. However, it remains despite everything many followers of the walking, walk, dawdling, thus of the amateurs of nature, mushroom gatherers, golfeurs and other hikers.

Military history

Since unmemorable times, the soldiers moved in homogeneous groups, inter alia for ravelling, and walk is the mode of displacement par excellence Fantassins. These displacements obey strict rules (operations with foot, MAP) whose principal elements are:

style of step (not slipped in Great Britain, not of goose of the German army under IIIe Reich etc)
the rate/rhythm which can be dictated by an sergeant-instructor (" left-left… ") or by music (song entonné by the soldiers themselves or music of accompaniment - to see military March (music))
the maintenance of spacings in the turns (trampling balance of the soldiers inside the turn so that the row until those located outside remains right and sweeps the sector like a ray)
etc

Reference

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