Glossary of boxing and boxings foot-fists

• direct Axis of confrontation : also “line of attacks”. Presents itself as the imaginary line connecting two protagonists on whom the large majority of the actions is held. It is thus the way more used but certain athletes can use other axes to pass to the offensive. E.g.: oblique trajectories (diagonal), not about side, etc One also speaks about “corridor of confrontation” to indicate the way on which are located the supports of the two protagonists.

“What misleads us, it is that the same word at the same time indicates and explains. Designation is even, the explanation is different.” Gaston Bachelard, Formation of the scientific spirit

B

• Sweeping : action used in Sport of combat and Martial art with an aim of unbalancing or of making fall the adversary. It is a technique of imbalance carried out with the foot (even the leg) on the segment of support of the adversary. It can be realized more or less high compared to the support on the ground. It is carried out in various axes (by outside, the interior, ahead, behind, etc) of the leg of the adversary. The most usual definition: " a sweeping is carried out with the strong current of the ground, it is usually of small amplitude, contrary to the Fauchage of greater amplitude and more puissant". One finds the various “shapes of body”. E.g.: pendular motion of the leg starting from the hip or movement of whip of the knee. The hips can be in one of the three fundamental positions (of face, profile or back).

• Bando-kickboxing : abbreviation “BKB”. Form modernized and sporting of the Lethwei, called “Burmese Boxe with four weapons” in Europe. Born in North America with the beginning of the year 1960, this kind of fencing of the feet and the fists gantés in a boxing ring gave birth, in the USA in the years 1970, various forms of Full-contact and Kick-boxing. There exists, in competition, two forms of confrontation: the “Bando-kickboxing of Light-contact” where the techniques are retained perfectly and the “Bando-kickboxing of Full-contact” where the blows are carried to full power, intended for the experienced and major practitioners. According to the ages and the technical level the rules (in particular authorized techniques and prohibited) and the conditions of competition are variable (in particular the time of combat, the type of surface of combat - practicable of carpet or boxing ring, the port of certain protections - helmet, drill plate, leggings, slippers of Boxe out of foam, etc).

• Blocking : in English blocking . One also speaks about parade blocked. Defensive gesture intended to stop a blow by interposing a body part between the target concerned and the opposing weapon. Three principal forms are distinguished:

• Boxing : the term is used today to indicate martial and sporting disciplines of various origins whose characteristic is to carry blows with various parts of the body. Thus speaks one about martial boxings (ancestral) and contrary to sporting boxings (modern), about Boxes foot-fists, etc Among the martial boxings most known, we have box national as the Burmese Boxe (Lethwei) and the Boxe inhabitant of Thailand (Muaythaï) then less known and unquestionable boxings more ethnic as boxing khmère or Laotian boxing. The modern and sporting boxings most current are:

• American Boxing : “Sport of combat of percussion” practiced with the feet and the fists in competition on a surface of carpet or a boxing ring of boxing. Various styles are found: the Full-contact karate, the Kick-boxing and the Semi-contact (or points-fighting). These disciplines were created to make it possible to the practitioners of all martial horizons to meet with common rules and in the formula known as of full impact (K.O system). They were born with U.S.A with the beginning of the year 1960, following the dissatisfaction with great champions of professional Karaté for which the formula of combat of the time missed contact. Initially held with the elite, the formula evolves to tournaments called “open” (i.e. opened with all) gathering various martial disciplines. They were codified in the years 1970 by various American federations of karate. Two forms of meetings coexist: the boxing known as of “Light-contact” where the impacts are retained perfectly and boxes it “Full-contact” where the blows are carried with force being able to cause the abandonment of a candidate. Thus one finds the Light-contact version “controlled” of the Full-contact, the Light kick-boxing and the Semi-contact controlled version. These various disciplines of American origin belong to a unit called “Kick-boxing”, generic term to indicate the Boxes foot-fists on the hexagon. On another side in France, the Boxe term American is also used, since the end of the year 1970, to indicate the Full-contact, little time after its launching on the Hexagon, following ministerial directives.

• English Boxing : Sport of combat of percussion practiced exclusively with the fists. It is created at the 18th century by James Figg (alias Tom Fig). The first engagements dispute with naked fists and the finish. The champion John Broughton invents and makes popular the leather gloves for the drive. Following the death of one of these adversaries, it writes the first texts of combat which will be officially adopted in 1743. The payment did not prohibit the seizures, the projections and the blows of elbow. In 1866, John Grahams Chambers writes a first payment of boxing with gloves. But it is in 1880, that will be applied true sporting rules to human dimension called “Rules of the Marquis de Queensburry”. Today, this sport of combat authorizes the impacts on the parts before and side of the head and the trunk. The matches proceed in an enclosure of cords tended (boxing ring), according to a number of periods and defined rest periods, according to the category (of age, sex, weight) and the technical level. Two forms of meetings coexist: boxing known as “attack” where the impacts are retained perfectly and boxes it “combat” where the blows are carried with force being able to cause the abandonment of a candidate.

• Burmese Boxing : in Burmese language Bama Lethwei or Myanma-yuya-louvi (results in “traditional Boxing of Myanmar”). This famous practice of fencing of the naked hands and the barefeet is as old as the Burmese nation. It is a boxing “known as martial” which borrows from the technical heritage of the Burmese warrior all his panoply of strategists. It is developed by monks of the 3rd century, as well as the practices of defense and maintenance called Thaing (Bando). It becomes popular as from the 11th century under Burmese King Anawaratha, with interethnic combat without any rule and of a violence without common measurement. The manner of clashing is very specific, holding very often animal behavior and resembles only by far others practical Eastern. It is in the beginning many pugilistic practices in Southeast Asia. It also contributed to the development of the Japanese Kick-boxing in the years 1950, then Full-contact and American Kick-boxing in the years 1970.

• French Boxing : in summary “B.F. ”. It is a Sport of combat of percussion, a kind of Escrime the fitted feet and the fists gantés practitioner in an enclosure of cords. In 1976, it takes the name of B.F-Slipper . Since the year 2000, the discipline names “Slipper B.F. ”. Exit of a request for practice of self-defense, born from the insecurity of the Parisian streets with the 19th century, Michel Casseux, brawler of street and fine strategist, opens a room of Slipper in 1820, where he teaches his art of the kicks in low line and Défendre the open hands. In its work “theory of the Slipper”, it indexes the most practical kicks. It is into 1830 that Charles Lecourt and his brother, pupils of Michel Casseux, open in their turn a room street Montmartre. Following a defeat against an English boxer, Charles Lecourt decides to introduce the techniques of punches English Boxing. Associating the kicks of the Slipper and the punches of the noble art, it names this discipline in 1830: “French Boxing”. In parallel in the south of France, for several centuries an art of also French combat has developed, the Chausson (known as Marseillais). It is the amalgam of these various arts of combat which will make the richness of the B.F

• Boxing foot-fists : name used in France, since the years 1980, with the sports of combat of percussion with boxing gloves being held in a boxing ring (or on a carpet) and pertaining to the category of boxings known as sporting . They use the techniques of leg (kicks, even of tibia and knee), the techniques of arm (punches, even of front armlever and elbow) and the techniques of projections. Among most known we have:

• Boxing inhabitant of Thailand : to see Thai Muay.

C

• Framing : technique known as of operation of the adversary intended to prevent it from overflowing, i.e. to escape on the sides (one speaks about loophole and release when it was locked up). The goal of the operation is to keep the adversary in a geographical sector favorable to an offensive or to drive back it with the cords to immobilize it.

• Cardio-kickboxing : form of practice of the years 1990, resulting from the U.S.A. centered on the physical condition and in particular the cardiorespiratory development. It consists in carrying out techniques of boxing in the vacuum, an order chorégraphiée and in music. This form of practice which has as roots the drive of boxing in music of the middle of the 20th century took for model the principles of drive inspired of the “New Californian age” and the activities of working of the type “fitness”. Among the most known activities of the public in addition to the Atlantic and the continent of Europe one finds: Cardio-B.F (born in France in the years 1970 and called since the years 1990, Slipper-form), the Cardio-lethwei (born in years 1970 in the USA) and Aero kickboxing (created in years 1980 in the USA), “Cardio-box it”, the “Body-combat”, the “Energy-full” (born in France in the years 1990), “Yoseikan-form” and well of others.

• To break the distance : action which consists in approaching the adversary with a defensive or offensive aim. This procedure belongs to the field of the Neutralization. In the defensive field, the objective can be to reduce the capacity of action to long distance from the adversary. E.g.: to come to oppress and hustle the adversary to destroy its faculty to use crushing arguments. In the offensive field, the objective can be to seek to work closely (middle distance or body-with-body). E.g.: to approach an adversary whose boxing with the body-with-body is not its strong point.
• To drive out the blow : one driven out is a gesture of defense which consists in deviating the blow of its trajectory with the glove or the front armlever. “To drive out the blow” is an old expression and it is replaced today by “deviating the blow”. See Deviation and Parade.

• Chimney : way drawn by the position of the two front armlevers in the guard known as “traditional”.
• Target (body): authorized register of body zones to touching (in attack) or striking (fights some with the K.O system) to mark points. In competition, to gain the victory, the goal to reach under the conditions defined by the payment is “touch of the targets”. On the targets above the belt, some target are to be privileged in the combat with the K.O system: the temple, the jaw, the solar plexus, the hollow epigastric and the liver.

• Combat : generic term qualifying several things and in particular boxes some, L `opposition codified with gloves, duel carried out in competition according to rules standardized (synonymous with match). It also qualifies the form of practice (sparring) which consists in being opposed to the following drive conditions defined by the trainer. And especially, it indicates all the forms of official meetings on a boxing ring and more particularly the formula called to the K.O system* (institutionalized competition organized by a federation).

• Compartment of play : indicate part of the observable play in situation of opposition. The compartments of play correspond to two principal fields of control: the attacks unfavourable targets (called “offensive”) and the defense of its own targets (or “defensive”). For this last field, a competence is imbricated, the “attack answering an attack of the adversary” (or called “counter-offensive”).
• Configuration of the opposition : indicate the general aspect that revêt confrontation. In Sports of combat, it describes the special character of the opposition in progress; more exactly the nature of confrontation and elements constituent (balance of involved, the opposition forces of styles, precedent enters the protagonists, probability of scenario, etc).
• Construction of the play : one says of a combatant that it “builds” when this one uses certain processes more or less worked out to reach unfavourable targets or to unbalance its adversary. This manner of making is opposed to that which consists in carrying direct attacks, therefore too conspicuous, which could not can be not to succeed.

• Against (blow of…) : action of counter-offensive started during the unfavourable attack. This process of “initiative on initiative” requires faculties of anticipation and automatism as well as an high speed of execution. Against can intervene: 1 with the starting of the unfavourable attack, 2 during the unfavourable offensive and before it succeeds, 3 on the return of the unfavourable attack (here merging with an early response). An example, the Cross-country race-counter which crosses an unfavourable blow at the same moment. With the drive the training of this skill is called the “lesson of counter” where the unfavourable attacks are announced in advance.
• Counter-attack : to see Response.

• Counter-offensive : “offensive answering an offensive of the adversary” ( Petit Larousse of 2000 ). Concept not to be assimilated exclusively with that of counter-attack, because “to counter-attack is to pass from the defensive to the offensive” ( Petit Larousse of 2000 ). In addition, to carry out an action counter-offensive does not stop with defending (in particular to defend “passively”) but is to adopt a statute of attacker.
  Dans the manifestations of the “counter-offensive”, we find the actions offensive which intervene during or after the unfavourable attack; to which one can add those which intervene right before the unfavourable offensive. The purpose of they are either to destroy the unfavourable offensive or to use the attack the latter with our advantage.
• Against-catch : technique of gripping which uses the tactical principle of the Against to the body with body consisting in using the unfavourable attack with its advantage. It is sometimes related to an action of override. E.g.: (A) carries a technique of projection of hip and (B) exceeds the catch, at the time of the unfavourable attack, to place a projection of hip on the same side.

• Construction of the play : In Sports of combat, one says of a combatant that it “builds” when this one uses certain processes more or less worked out to mark points or to finalize the match (In boxing: “to reach unfavourable targets” or “to unbalance the opponent” to even project on the ground the opponent). This manner of making is opposed to that which consists in carrying direct attacks, therefore too conspicuous, which could not can be not to succeed. E.g.: “To connect actions” for “déboussoler” the adversary, “to use the unfavourable activity (opportunities: weaknesses and faults) and “to exploit characteristics of the opponent (morphology, laterality and psychism”, “unfavourable posture (guard, position)”, to operate the opponent (frauds, steam pressing, handling).

• Blow of elbow : in English “elbow”. Attacks with the surface of the elbow or the parts hard of the front armlever (radius and ulna). 6 principal techniques are counted: 1 direct blow, 2 circular blow (spin-elbow strike), 3 semicircular blow - descendant or tonic (semicircular-elbow strike), 4 blow of reverse, 5 blow going up and, 6 crushing blow (downward-elbow strike). Some of these blows can adopt various types of trajectories, placement of hip and be realized with the surfaces of striking varied on various targets. For some, they can be, turned over (spinning), jumped (jumping), given of the two arms (double), carried in “stair” or combined purpose. E.g.: Blow of jumped crushing elbow (jumping-elbow strike). The blows of elbow can combined with the techniques of fist and in particular connected in “cascade” (what is often the case in Burmese Boxe).

• Blow of knee : in English “knee”. Attacks with the hard surface of the knee. One finds eight techniques principal: 1 blow of face (or blow known as “direct”), 2 blow on side, 3 circular blow, 4 semicircular blow going up (in diagonal), 5 semicircular blow going down (plunging), 6 blow going up, 7 blow while growing internal and, 8 blow while growing external. Some of these blows can adopt various types of trajectories, placement of hip and be realized with the surfaces of striking varied on various targets. Some of its blows of knee can be turned over (spinning), jumped (jumping), wheels (flying), given of the two legs (double), in stair and for combined purposes. E.g.: blow of knee while growing external at the same time turned over and jumped.

• Kick : in English “kick”. Attacks with the lower extremity and in particular the hard parts of the tibia and the foot. One also speaks about techniques of legs. Nine principal techniques are counted: 1 “direct” blow of face or (Face-kick]), 2 blow on side or side (Side-kick), 3 circular blow (round-kick or Roundhouse-kick), 4 semicircular blow or in diagonal (Semi-circular - kick), 5 hooked blow or blow of heel (Hook-kick), 6 crushing blow (Hammer-kick), 7 blow while growing (crescent-kick), 8 blow behind (Back-kick) 9 and blow of sweeping (sweeping). Some of these blows can adopt various types of trajectories, various placements of hip and be realized with the surfaces of striking varied on different. Many of its kicks can be revolving, turned over (spinning or turning), jumped (jumping), wheels (flying), given of the two legs (double), in stair and for combined purposes (some can be at the same time jumped and turned over). Example of kicks while jumping: the kick of face jumped (flying face-kick) and the jumped circular kick (flying roundhouse-kick).

• Punch : in English “punch”. Attacks with the closed fist. In practice, one finds four techniques principal: 1 direct blow (straight-punch), 2 hook or circular blow (hook-punch and Swing), 3 blow going up (Uppercut), and 4 blow going down (Drop). Some of these blows can be delivered with orientations of the body different from the basic technique like borrowing different trajectories. To deliver the techniques of fist, we find: two principal forms of trajectory (rectilinear and curvilinear), only one surface of striking (before fist). Five usual techniques of fist are indexed: 1 of long swabbed form (direct length), 2 of circular form (Hook and Swing), 3 of going up circular form (uppercut), 4 of downward circular form (drop) and, 5 of short swabbed form (Direct court).

• Blow of head : percussion with the hard parts of cranium and in particular the top of the face. The targets concerned are generally the chest and the abdomen. With the body-with-body, it is a frightening weapon. In Southeast Asia, in some Boxing S traditional, it is used in particular in Burmese Boxe.
• Blow turning : or “technique while rotating”. The english-speaking speak about “turning” and “spinning”. Gesture of striking using a rotation on a support (pivot) to deliver a blow or a Projection. These techniques are carried out in the two directions of rotation:

• Cover : “to cover” is to guarantee unfavourable attack using a protection with the glove and the arm (called cover). The cover is not only one activity defensive but not carried out with preventive measure in its own offensive (concept of setting in safety), which will avoid in this last case taking a blow of against. One speaks about “covered” engagement or upon contrario to be discovered while attacking; and one very often hears, at the edge of the boxing ring on behalf of the coach, L `expression: “your guard goes up! ”.

• Cross-country race-counter : (Ang.) literally “against crusader”. Punch direct and plunging carried in against. It is a masterly blow of anticipation given in general on an attack in direct of the arm before adversary.

D

• Defense : together behaviors intended to make failure with the unfavourable offensive. To guarantee itself against the unfavourable attacks is presented in the form of a one of the three main aims to reach in the sports of combat of percussion beside attacking the unfavourable targets and to use the unfavourable action with its own advantage. It is summarized by a whole of actions intended to make failure with the unfavourable offensive, including/understanding the Blocage S of blows, the Déviation S of blows, the Esquive S of blows and displacements (mobility not to be reached). One can add, for some Boxes foot-fists, defense against the attempt at Projection of the adversaire.
  

- the simple setting in safety of its own targets, sometimes realized in urgency (known as civil defense: neutral Cover, neutral blocking, etc);

- the realization of actions intended to use the unfavourable activity with its advantage (called by certain authors, Défense activates).

- the deviating Blocking or the parade driven out in the goal to unbalance, absorbing blocking, dodging - for these three forms related to simultaneous responses;

- then the blow of stop also followed responses;

- the setting in difficulty of unfavourable offensive achievements (by the shortening or the increase in the distance, by the locking of the opposing weapons, a Destabilization containing techniques of threat, lure, etc).

- defense known as “traditional” having for goal to destroy the unfavourable action (e.g.: “cover”, blocked parade, parade opposition…) ;

- defense known as “active” supporting the use of the unfavourable action (e.g.: absorption of shock, crushing argument, parade-driven out or deviation, release);

- and the Neutralization or activity of anticipation having for goal to prevent the release of the unfavourable offensive.

• Défense activates : says itself of an activity avoiding undergoing the unfavourable offensive and having for goal to use the unfavourable offensive action with its own advantage. A contrario of a defense known as traditional being satisfied simply to defend. According to the proverb: “best defense it is the attack”. E.g.: (A) carries a crushing argument when its adversary approaches.
• Release : defensive action consisting in leaving an geographical area at the risk or a body-with-body in order to avoid a dangerous unfavourable activity. The change of place is intended for dépêtrer of a situation of immobilization (of fixing) caused by adversary (either a body-with-body, a fixing, a imprisonment in a corner or on the cords, etc). Generally the release is carried out with a step on side combined with an action of arm. This skill belongs to a unit called “techniques of escape” (escaped, delivery, slip, etc).

• Offsetting : it is a decentring of the bust out of the direct axis of confrontation without displacement of the bearings. One generally speaks about oblique offsetting. This activity is necessary to avoid being touched at the time of an offensive or of a counter-offensive (response or Coup of against).
• Imbalance (action of…) : activity intended to make lose stability to even project the adversary. Various basic actions coexist: lightening, the sweeping of the support, push, raised, packed, drawn, torsion, etc
• Destabilization : to destabilize means to disturb the construction of the unfavourable play by the means of various operations. That with an aim of better building its personal play and of using the unfavourable behavior with its own advantage. To overcome the adversary, it is possible to use the following step: to create a favorable power struggle which passes the establishment of an unfavourable control and by the initiative of action.

• Deviation : also “ deviating parade ” or “ driven out parade ” (one also speaks about blocking deviating ). Says itself of a defensive action intended to divert the opposing weapon of its trajectory. It has the advantage of creating an opening in unfavourable defense to even cause a body imbalance. Action not to be confused with the Beat which is a similar action but with offensive goal (to find an opening).

E

• To connect : it is to bind actions in attack and also in defense. In boxing, to connect is to give several blows after. To bind techniques makes it possible to find openings because they cause to create defensive uncertainty at the opponent (that overflows the adversary). The sequences can be made up of series of the two hands or redoubled gestures of the same arm. The blows can be varied, on different heights and targets. E.g.: to connect Jab then a long hook of the front arm with profit of distance between the two gestures can make it possible to find an opening on a side “door”. See also: “combination” and “routine”.

• Dodging : also “avoidance”. Displacement (withdrawal) of all or part of the body to avoid being reached by the unfavourable blow. It is the prerogative of the experienced boxers and defense forms it par excellence, allowing responses by powerful blows. Six types usual of dodging are found: the side inflection (slope of the trunk or offsetting), dodging in torsion (withdrawal by rotation of the trunk and dorsal extension), dodging under (vertical or rotary printing-press), withdrawal of bust behind (by dorsal extension, the step on side (shift, in English side-step ) and the step of withdrawal (displacement behind, in English back-step ).
• Exploitation : is defined as the capacity to use the unfavourable behavior with its advantage. It generally belongs to experienced boxers. It is one of the intentions of play to develop firstly with the drive beside two others: “to impose its own play on the adversary” and “to adapt to the adversary”. It requires strong qualities of acquisition of information (Vista) and adaptation to the involved situation (choice of answer, timing, relevance, etc).

F

• Way of fighting : manner of making clean with each individual and whom one can report to classes of “behavior-type”. It is specific to its temperament, with its physical potential or with what was taught to him by its school of boxing. Thus, one distinguishes: the wait and see of the go-ahead type and the technician of the striker , but this classification does not stop there. One counts various variable characters for each “typology”. For example, at the “technical” styles: boxer in long blows, crushing arguments, blows of against. At the physical styles : to make the sustained pressure , boxer in powerful hooks “with the scull”, to seek the body-with-body , to seek the hard blow . When a combatant uses his usual way of boxer (its usual style), it is said that it is on his “register”; that with the manner of a musician who repeats his preferred ranges. In addition, which is appreciable in a combat it is the opposition of styles. See: style of combatant.

• Mowing (Technique of…) : technique of projection consisting in removing the support on the ground with the assistance, either of a gesture of projection (known as of reaper) or of a Kick of striking. Generally a mowing is carried out on the level of the unfavourable thigh, but it can be carried out lower on the leg or higher on the hip. This gesture is to be differentiated from a gesture which has the same goal, the sweeping, which him is carried out low (on the foot or the bottom of the calf).
• Pretended : also false-attacks. Offensive movement, similar to an attack, intended to thwart the gestures of defense of the adversary in order to create openings (kind of invitation to be defended). This show of offensive action makes it possible to benefit from an unfavourable reaction to place a differed attack. It is thus “false information” given to the adversary with an aim of misleading it (trick) or of surprising it followed by an offensive action in answer.
  

- programmed pretense: this behavior consists with mimer the first blow in order to reach with the second blow a supposed target to be itself discovered. It is thus a whole of two indissociable blows and quickly realizable. In this process the feintor expects that the adversary reacts as envisaged contrary to the second category below. In certain schools of boxing, one learns various standard types of pretenses (e.g.: the un-deux );

- adaptive pretense: in this second process after having MIME the first blow, the feintor watches for the opening without knowing as a preliminary where it will occur. Certain athletes build their boxing on this way of acting, one says them that are opportunistes.

It exists various forms of pretenses: pretense of body, displacement, blow, target, etc See also, “Operation” and “strategy”.

Example of pretense:

1. ==> 2.

1. (A) carries false-attacks in hook with the face to make react its adversary in withdrawal of bust (show)…

2. … and connects in Coup of elbow same arm at the time of the return of the bust of the opponent

• Full-contact : also “Full Contact Karate” and “American Kickboxing” Forms American Boxe without Low-kick S. In the United States, some locate the birth of the Kick-boxing, on January 17th, 1970 with Length-Beach (California), when Lee Faulkner organized a meeting on boxing ring with the K.O., opponent Joe Lewis in Greg Baines, combat of Karate Full-contact called American Kickboxing by a journalist. Lastly, another assumption seems to achieve the unanimity. In the middle of the years 1970, certain high level karate experts, decided to bring the amount of contact which missed with their discipline of competition. Thus the “revolution” of American karate started. They carried out tests of the new shapes of combat. Initially the idea the “open one”, met the requirements of all the followers of martial arts, where the practitioners carried expanded material protections, which their made it possible to touch a little more the adversary and without the K.O being allowed. Thus one spoke about American karate, in fact, it acted oneself of a “karate at the points” (karate of the Olympic fencing type to the controlled key, called later in Europe, “Semi-contact”). But these great tournaments of “points-fighting” (with the “touchette “) did not satisfy everyone, one needed a reason, much more important to attract the sponsors and television: the “K.O.system” (the Americans did not appreciate the sham fights). It is for these reasons that was born the “Full Karate contact” on September 14th, 1974 in Los Angeles (California) at the time of one evening historical joining together: 12000 spectators. It was the first championship of the world of the P.K.A. (Professional Karate Association) on tatami.
  

• Fulleur : indicate, in France since the end of the year 1990, a practitioner of Full-contact. This way of saying seems to us very inappropriate in particular because it does not correspond to any denomination and international convention.

G

• Guard : also attitude of combat. When one speaks about “guard”, one often thinks of the position of the arms to protect itself. But much more than that, it indicates a body organization making it possible to the combatant to prepare to defend and in addition to pass to the offensive, that in a configuration which offers to him a maximum of safety and effectiveness. Various positions make it possible to face an adversary before and during engagement and are called failing this “guard”. As its name indicates it, “being on its guards” is to put themselves in permanent alarm and to adopt a favorable position to react. Many attitudes of guard exist: keep three-quarter of face, profile, keeps reversed, high guard, guard low, advanced guard, collected guard, etc Certes, it very important “to be kept” (hermetic), but it is also necessary to adopt an attitude which to allow to act and react quickly and with effectiveness (thus to adopt an effective posture). A contrario a boxer not adopting a definite attitude where having the arms “in bottom” known as “is not kept”. Moreover, certain boxers make this choice with a view to build their play on the basis of against-information (frauds).

• Management of the opposition : also " management of the jeu". Competence of the athlete in the various phases of the opposition, to carry out actions of construction of the play and adaptation to adversary (collection of observation, decision making, control of the opposition, operation of the opponent, etc).

H

• Haymaker : technique of punches related (one in another) inflicted to the level of the head. This technique is prohibited in all the sports of combat and all boxings today.

I

• event-driven Uncertainty : character of what cannot be given, known in advance. In the Sports of combat, uncertainty gives an indication on the unforeseeable character of the unfavourable behavior. Against what can be dubious, one can speculate in probable actions of the adversary (concept of Probabilité S). It is calculated taking into account the unfavourable behavioral practices (quantities of actions of which the adversary can make proof - more concretely, it is the repertory of gestures, techniques and strategies of which it can possibly make use). That will make it possible to set up an action plan, which will make less difficult the management of the play.

K

• Kickboxeur : or " kick-boxeur" designate a practitioner of Kick-boxing.

• Kick-boxing : generic term which can result in Boxe foot-fists (to kick: “to give a kick” and “boxing”, of course, relating to the action to deliver punches). This boxing foot-fists was popularized in Japan in the years 1960 and the USA in the years 1970. It holds its origins many practices of combat, inter alia Burmese Boxe (Bando Lethwei) codified with the 11th century, Boxe inhabitant of Thailand (Muaythaï) developed at the 15th century and many martial arts of the Far East (Karaté, Taekwondo, Kempo, etc). The first modern combat had place in Japan in the years 1950 and beginning of the year 1960, in the USA under the aegis of the American federation of Bando. But currently the Kickboxing term is a generic name which applies to many modern practices of combat. The sporting payment of each kick-boxing (S) differs from an international federation to another: box “with” or “without” blows of knee, “with” or “without” seizure and “with” or “without” projections.
  

• American Kick-boxing : as a modern activity the term “kick-boxing” indicates a sport of combat of percussion practitioner on boxing ring. In the years 1960, in the United States the passion for the Karate like for other martial arts (Kempo, Kung fu, Taekwondo, etc) and the will of certain media make evolve/move the things. Various styles of martial practices developed varied forms of contact. Many champions eager to make known the diversity of their techniques, contributed to their evolution. Tournaments were organized by various styles of combat; like United States National Karate Championship de Jhoon Rhee, the Battle of Atlanta of ED Parker, and as of 1963 opens on boxing ring of Bando kickboxing (form heiress of ancestral the Burmese Boxing). Other important tournaments as the Mas Oyama All Worth America Championship (Karate Kyokushinkaï with the K.O.) changed the traditional tournaments of karate hitherto organized without contact. Also, the idea of Bruce Lee (movie actor celebrates, in the middle of the years 1970) and Jhoon Rhee (professor d' Alan Steen, of Jeff Smith and Gordon Franks) to fight with protections and gloves, opened a new way for all the amateurs of “real combat”. In the beginning American Kick-boxing is a payment of competition, allowing to the candidates various martial practices to meet in a certain type of confrontation (at the origin that of the world federation WKA - World Karate Association). It was spread so much, that it became one of the forms of sport of combat inspired by martial arts the most applied to the world.

• Japanese Kick-boxing : in Eastern English “kick-boxing”. For some, the term Kick-boxing would have been invented, in Japan, in the years 1950 by karate experts needing to confront itself. One of the practitioners of kick-boxing of the time is it student in Eastern languages, the Burmese Maung Gyi, also raises large expert of karate Gogen Yamaguchi says “the cat”. Maug Gyi fights in Japan under various names and makes known the Burmese Boxe or Lethwei at the time of the tournaments of Japanese Kick-boxing. For others, Kick-boxing would have been invented, after the Olympic Games of 1964, by the promoter of combat Osamu Noguchi, to indicate a Japanese version of Muay-Thai. This one in study trip in the countries of the South-East Asia took as a starting point what he saw on the boxing rings inhabitant of Thailand. Little time after, thanks to the enthusiasm of Kenji Kurosaki follower of Kyokushinkai (form of Karate authorizing the contacts) was born Japanese Kick-boxing (a boxing where the payment made it possible to strike with kicks, of fist, knee and elbow, decorated certain projections of Judo). Success was immediate. After having created its own style of combat, Kenji Kurosaki set up a famous camp of drive, in 1969, Méjiro-Gym of Tokyo. It had as pupils of the famous practitioners like Akio Fujihira, Toshio Tabata, Yoshiji Soéno, the French Patrick Brizon, the Dutchman Jan Plas (celebrates Dutch trainer) and the brilliance Toshio Fujiwara (legend of Japanese Kick-boxing, with 129 victories). During first years, the Japanese kick-boxers came directly from Kyokushinkai. The form of Kick-boxing in the most media World is that practiced at the time of the famous tournament of the “K1” which brings together the best combatants of planet. Especially these rules of Kick-boxing called “K1-rules” or Eastern-rules were enacted in Japan by karate experts.

• Kickeur : practitioner of sports of combat and martial arts which use techniques of legs to fight (not to be confused with the term “Kickboxeur”). This type of practice is opposed radically to a combatant who would use only his fists that one calls “boxer”. E.g.: one can have to say of a candidate who it is more “kickor” that “boxer” if its techniques of foot prevail in its way of fighting.

L

• Lethwei : to see Burmese Boxing.
• Light-contact : controlled version of many Boxings foot-fists and Martial arts (Bando-kickboxing, Full-contact, Kickboxing, etc). In competition, it is held, generally, on practicable of carpet and is accessible on all the ages and levels. See also: No-contact, Middle-contact, Full-contact, Précombat and Semi-contact.

• Light-kickboxing : or “kick-boxing light”, controlled version of the Kick-boxing. In competition, it is held, generally, on practicable of carpet and is accessible on all the ages and levels.
• Line (or height of attack): portion of body regarded as height of targets. For the techniques of fist, one counts two lines of action: the high line (1) and the average line (2). In the majority of sporting boxings, the low line in lower part of the belt is area closed by the payment.

M

• Handling : average technique which consists in disturbing physically and mentally the opponent. The goal is to put out of order the organization of the unfavourable play. : Various processes coexist:

Example of handling:

1. ==> 2.

1. After a soft food and an absorption of a Uppercut…

2. … (B) counteracts in Drop (in boxing) of the arm postpones

• Operation : in sports of combat of percussion: Technical process intended to reach targets by the means of a control or a handling of the opponent. Certain steps are about the “against-communication” (against-information and misinformation of the opponent: to scramble, parasitize information, etc) and of against-logic (the action leaves usual logic).

NR

• NAK Muay : or " NAK-muay" designate a practitioner of Thai Muay.

• Neutralization (of the unfavourable activity): action of anticipation aiming preventing any imminent action of the adversary or at destroying the attack with the whole beginning of its realization.
  

- by lengthening the distance “to put in the wind” the adversary, by shortening the distance, called obstruction (e.g.: to shorten the distance to prevent a specialist in long blows);

- by controlling its trunk, its arms and its legs, (beat, pressure, compression, seizure of member, etc);

- in “locking” exit doors to prevent it overflowing or from finding sufficient distance (close to the cords, in the corner of the boxing ring);

- by stopping its attack with the whole beginning of its trajectory (crushing argument).

e.g.: by locking the opposing weapons, one obstructs the realization of offensive and defensive actions - by seizing the adversary or while sticking oneself (Clinch), or by interposing the front armlever on the opposing weapon.

e.g.: by shortening the unfavourable distance from striking prevents some the adversary from deploying long blows (concept of obstruction).

• No-contact : indicate, in the Sports of combat and the Martial arts the practice of drive and competition where the techniques are delivered far from the adversary and where it is interdict to reach the unfavourable targets. This form is to be differentiated from the Light-contact where the techniques are related to the unfavourable body and perfectly controlled. The No-contact is to be also differentiated from the Aéro-kick which is a discipline being carried out in solo or by team. The exercise is usually carried out on practicable carpet of martial arts, in behavior of the discipline and vis-a-vis a partner (even an adversary in situation of competition). It is indeed a duel (but remotely). See also: Light-contact, Middle-contact, Full-contact, Précombat and Semi-contact.

O

• Opportunity : occasion offered by the adversary which one can benefit i.e. the unfavourable characteristics and behaviors (in particular weak points and faults). A “statement of opportunities” is established, jointly by the Athlète and the Entraîneur, in order to exploit those at an adversary. E.g. of situation: (A) fall on its blows. Conclusion: (B) will use this weakness for to counteract as soon as (A) finishes its attack (given). See also, “to have the direction of the relevance”, “exploitation of the adversary”, and “collection of observation”.

• body Organization : Capacity to use gestural attitudes and actions guaranteeing at the same time, safety and effectiveness of the actions. The best body organization is that which makes it possible “to reach the unfavourable targets” “without being reached by the adversary”. In term of body organization, one speaks about attitude of guard (protection, balance, availability to be acted and react) and of organization of the actions (mobilization of the osseous segments).

P

• Parade : action intended to guarantee itself of an unfavourable blow by stopping the opposing weapon or by deviating it with the fist, the palm of the glove or part of the arm. Parade is also synonymous with blocking of blow. The parade bears the name of the mode used. According to the old terminology, one can avoid in opposition, by driving out, while blocking, outside, etc In the language running of the rooms of boxing one says: parades protection, external parade, parade opposition, etc One speaks today about technique of blocking concerning the stop of the unfavourable blow, and of deviation concerning diversion of the opposing weapon (driven out). A confusion of the term was used in the medium of boxing to indicate techniques of blocking or deviation e.g.: opposition parades. There are even a pleonasm and a misinterpretation, the “parade driven out” and the “blocked parade”.

• No side : in English, side-step . Placement of the body out of the unfavourable axis of attack by displacement of one or two supports. Certain specialists also speak about shift (a foot apart from the direct corridor of confrontation) and about overflow when one leaves the direct corridor of confrontation. And “not of diagonal” when displacement is carried out on an oblique axis.

• No progression : displacement forwards (towards the adversary). Displacement can be carried out various manners: by slipping, while going, while leaping, etc
• No withdrawal : in English, back-step . Displacement of the bearings backwards. Consist in withdrawing unfavourable attack by a back displacement (also to break or reprocesses). The complete withdrawal of the supports involves an exit of the zone of exchange. It should not be too marked to make it possible to counteract quickly. See also: “withdrawal of bust”.
• Trap : average technique set up to use the unfavourable reaction to its advantage (that by the means of false information). The trap makes party of the techniques of provocation. It is more precisely a question of an invitation to be attacked (invites or “attacks ordered”). The purpose of it is of goal to mislead the adversary supporting an action counter-offensive (e.g.: crushing argument, Blow of against or Response).
  

- proposal of an opening in the line of attack (discovery of a “target”);

- inciting behavior (technical error, momentary weakness, tiredness, wound, etc). See also, “Operation” and “strategy”.

• Plane tactic : reflection on control to adopt during the opposition to come. It is more precisely a question of envisaging the various tactical diagrams to adopt (decision making) and of also envisaging their procedures of implementation (step). The choices of strategies are elaborate starting from the statements of the unfavourable observation (collection of observation) and in addition in relation to the unfavourable presupposed behaviors (on the basis of speculation). Thus the tactical plan dictates the action to be taken and indicates the " diagrams tactiques" to set up.
• Full-contact : indicate, in the Sports of combat, the practices of competition where the setting out of combat of the adversary is authorized. One speaks about the principle of competition known as of the “KB-system”. In English Boxing, it is the case for the competitions known as of “Boxing amateur” and “professional Boxing”. See also: Light-contact, Middle-contact, No-contact, Précombat and Semi-contact.
• Points-fighting : to see Semi-contact.

• Précombat : indicate, in the Sports of combat and the Martial arts the practices of competition where the techniques are carried with power excluded with the face and where the setting out of combat of the adversary is prohibited. In certain disciplines, this shape of combat is an intermediate passage between the controlled form (Light-contact and the Full-contact. Many federations propose this type of meeting for the category junior (you) i.e. the 16-17 years. This form is to be differentiated from the Middle-contact, form in which the techniques “are only released” and not supported.
• Steam pressing : continuous offensive placement forwards aiming to disturb and take the top on the adversary. Steam pressing exerts on the adversary a kind of “mental pressure”, as its name states it, that it must manage as well as the driving answers (technical behaviors).

• Principle of control : together of general rules which guide the control of the athlete. The respect of its principles will allow:

- “principles of defense”. E.g.: to be ready mentally and physically in all circumstances, to protect themselves permanently, adopt a guard allowing the mobility and the use of all the weapons, to use the defensive gesture sharpest and most powerful, to use the techniques allowing to gather quickly, a weapon which attack must be able to defend immediately, to deviate from the unfavourable line of attack, to leave the unfavourable operating range, as soon as possible to discourage from the opponent to be attacked;

- “principles of attack”: 1 major principles (to seek to surprise, seek to take speed and to overflow, use the most powerful attack on the weakest defense, etc), 2 principles of operation (to divert the unfavourable attention, to bring the opponent towards its own strong points, to put the opponent on the heels to have the top, to continue the offensive when the adversary is in difficulty, etc);

- “principles of attitude and management”. E.g.: not to show its weaknesses, not to underestimate the adversary, to waste energy for nothing.

• Problem to solve : is presented in the form of a principal difficulty to solve in a phase of match.

• Profile of the adversary : in the sports of opposition, one calls “unfavourable profile” the whole of the data on the characteristics, the actions and the manners of making clean of an athlete (offensive and defensive activities, aptitudes, way of fighting, morphology, temperament, etc); it will be necessary to hold account and to even benefit during the opposition, in particular in terms of “strong points” and “weak points”. The whole of these data are gathered and analyzed in order to establish a plan of control (plane tactic). See also opportunity, actions of profit and collection of observation.
• Projection (technique of…) : action intended to dispatch (often violently) the adversary on the ground. The techniques of projection use a whole of segmentary and muscular movements which determine classes characteristic known as “the shapes of body”. Each one of enters calls upon one or more actions of imbalance. One finds: snatches (raised), sweepings, supported, hips, collectings (enfourchement and others), etc

R

• Collecting of leg : seized of the leg of attack of the adversary. See also rolling up of leg .

• Gathering of legs : defensive action which consists in bringing back the front foot backwards to avoid being touched.
• Collection of observation : the collection of observation in sport gathers the various behaviors of a service. Thus, these observations could be exploited in the development of a plane tactic. At the time of the intervention of an external observer, it will be carried out using a card of observation whose headings specify the elements to be observed.
• Withdrawal of bust : action of subtraction of the bust on unfavourable attack. It makes it possible to preserve the distance from action contrary at a not of withdrawal.

• Withdrawal of leg : action consisting with dérobement of the leg aimed by the unfavourable attack. It is generally carried out backwards or upwards. When the withdrawal postpones is made by one bring back front foot on back foot, one speaks then about “gathering”.
• Response : term used in sports of combat to speak about counter-attack. But, in practice current, one employs the verb more easily “to garage” than “to counteract” to speak about a counter-attack. E.g.: the trainer with his foal: “given in uppercut when you master keys under his hooks! ”. See “handing-over”.

S

• Seized (form of…) : the forms of seizures are regulated in the majority of the disciplines of combat of the type Boxe. In English Boxe, as in Full-contact, they are prohibited, even if the arbitration admits tolerances sometimes. On the other hand, in other known boxings, they are allowed but for some with limitations. On the other hand in Burmese Boxing, any type of seizure and collecting of segment makes party in the way of fighting discipline.
• Semi-contact : The semi-contact , also called points-fighting is a form of Karaté sporting originating in the the United States of the years 1970.
• Sparring-partner : partner of a certain level intended to make opposition to an athlete or champion in preparation of match.
• Strategy : it is the behavior adopted by the athlete to negotiate the situations of opposition as well as possible. The strategic processes result in the most relevant manner to arrange its resources to approach the opponent. They touch all the operations of match: planning of the play, construction of the play, led and management of the opposition (adaptation to the adversary and exploitation of the unfavourable behavior). They are concretized by the use of various types of operations, operating processes, processes, adaptive answers and follow-up of diagrams of play. These operations can be impromptu even programmed (plane tactic) and especially adapted to the adversary count held of the opportunities of the combat. One thus distinguishes several categories of strategy: adaptive, programmed (precalculated), etc

• Style of combatant : manner of behaving clean with each individual and whom one can sometimes allot to classes of “behavior-type”. There is not only one way of behaving or of boxer. Not to confuse with the expression “to have style” which generally means, beautiful, elegant and pleasant being. One can locate in an athlete a usual manner and constant which is specific to its temperament, with its potential or with what was taught to him by its school of boxing. Thus, one distinguishes: the wait and see advocator, of the go-ahead type, the technician and the tactician, but this classification does not stop there. One counts various characters specific to some of these typologies. For example, at the “technical” styles: boxer in long blows, crushing arguments, in against, etc) and at the “physical” styles: to make the sustained pressure, boxer in powerful hooks, to seek the body-with-body, to seek the hard blow, etc When a boxer firstly uses his usual way of boxer (its usual style), one says that it is on his “register”. With the manner of a musician who repeats his preferred ranges. See also “manner of boxer”.
• Followed : indicate the continuation of the action or sequence, for example: after a crushing argument or a blow against continuing by another technique. To differentiate from the action consisting in “following” the opponent in the boxing ring for the touch.

T

• Tactical : it concerns a whole of intentions (of ideas) which fall under an action plan with an aim of ensuring the profit of the match (also called, plane action plan or tactic). One also speaks about tactical diagrams (combination of the means of action) consisting in setting up strategies predetermined even better, adaptive strategies. A good tactic can make it possible to compensate for a physical and technical insufficiency. And according to the saying: “one does not change a tactic which gains”. The tactical principles concern various categories. The purpose of they are to facilitate the offensive task or counter-offensive:

• Fraud : process intended to use the unfavourable reaction to its advantage. This reaction is induced by a technique of misinformation (to give “misleading” information as its name indicates it). One indexes two categories of frauds:

Internal bonds

• :Category: Sporting vocabulary
• Vocabulary of the free combat

External bonds

• National committee of Bando and Burmese Boxing of the FFMDA - Bando-kickboxing, Lethwei - President Jean-Roger Callière - a mine of information on an effective discipline multimillénaire and hyper
• French federation of Boxing - Official site of the BFR
• Federation WKA-FRANCE (Kickboxing & Karate) - Martial arts, Sports of combat, Boxings foot-fists, free Combat, Grappling - official Delegate France: Thierry Muccini
• Federation ISKA-FRANCE (Kickboxing & Martial arts) - Sports of combat, Boxings foot-fists - official Delegate France: Thierry Muccini
• Federation of Full-Contact FFFC-DA - American Boxing, Full-contact (Full-contact), No-contact, Light-contact, Précombat, Semi-contact, First-contact énergy-full, Full-defense, Thai Muay Boxing thaïe (responsible: Marc Guerin), Pancrace (responsible: Jean-Christmas Charolais) - Managing director: Eric Leclercq
• Federation (French) of American Boxing FBA-DA - old payment of the Full-contact
• French federation of kick Boxing: Cardio-kickboxing, Kick-boxing light - Managing director: Francis Hamdaoui
• Federation (French) of Muaythaï: Muaythaï, Muay-boran, Krabi-krabon, Coil-defense - President: Philippe Lacombe
• Federation (French) of Boxing thaïe Muaythaï - President: Jean Ducos

world Federations :

• W.K.A. - Head office, World Kickboxing Association - world Federation of Kickboxing and Karate born in 1976 (Founder, Howard Hanson, the USA) - official Delegate France: Thierry Muccini
• W.K.A. - Europe, World Kickboxing Association - Federation W.K.A.Europe (Germany)
• I.S.K.A. - Head office, International Sport Kickboxing Association - world Federation of Kickboxing and Martial arts born in 1986 - official Delegate France: Thierry Muccini
• I.S.K.A. - Europe, International Sport Kickboxing Association Europe Federation W.K.A.Europe (Hungary)
• W.A.K.O. - Head office World Association off Kickboxing Organizations - born in 1978 (Founder, George Bruckner, Germany) - official Delegate France: Eric Leclercq
• World Kickboxing Network - W.K.N born in 1999 (Founder, Stephan Will pull up, France).

Various :

• French Site of boxing foot-fists
• Directory of the clubs of kick-boxing

Sources

• Alain Delmas, 1. encyclopedic Dictionary of the Boxing and other boxings , Amiens, 1981-2005 - 2. Books of formation of the monitor , League of Picardy, Amiens, 1981 - 3. behaviors of opposition , Memory of the BEES 2°, Paris, 1978 - 4. the Notice of opposition , League of Picardy, Amiens, 1981 - 5. Lexicon of combatic , Midday-Pyrenees League, Toulouse, 1975 - 6. Technoboxe: data sheets of boxing and other boxings , League of Picardy, Amiens, 1981-2005.