Giustizia E Libertà

Giustizia E Libertà ( Justice and Liberté ) was a political movement Italy N created with Paris in 1929 by an exiled group of antifascists whose a leader Carlo Rosselli emerges.

The movement was organized by political tendencies which had a common will to be opposed actively and effectively to the Fascisme whereas the attitude of the old men left antifascists were considered to be weak and releasors. The first number of the periodical of the group begins as follows: “ Coming from various political currents, we file during hours the charts (of member) of the parties and we create a unit of action. Revolutionary movement and not a party, “Giustizia E libertà” is the name and the symbol. Republicans, Socialists and democrats, we fight for freedom, the republic, social justice. We are not any more three different expressions but trinomial inseparable. ”

The objective of Giustizia E Libertà (GL) was thus that to prepare the conditions of a Révolution antifascist in Italy which would not be limited to restore the old liberal order but to create a advanced model of Démocratie, opened with the ideals of social], which could collect the heritage of the Risorgimento. By taking up the ideas of Piero Gobetti, Carlo Rosselli regards Fascism as the expression of the antiques evils of the Italian company and he proposes not only éradiquer the mode mussolinien, but also to destroy the political conditions, social, economic and cultural which one made possible.

The movement Giustizia E Libertà fulfills a very important function of information and sensitizing of the international public opinions, revealing the reality of fascistic Italy which hides behind the Propagande mode, in particular thanks to the action of Gaetano Salvemini, which is the inspirer of the group and the Master of Rosselli.

The creation of Giustizia E Libertà

The opponents with the fascistic mode are systematically stopped, it is thus for Carlo Rosselli, Francesco Nitti and Emilio Lussu (lawyer and leader of the Sardinian Party of Action) which succeeds in escaping from Lipari where they were placed in containment. They join Paris, via Marseilles in August 1929. Rosselli E Lusso are established in Hộtel of the Champagne North, with Montmartre, place where the movement Giustizia E Libertà will be born grace also to others exiled among which Salvemini, resident with Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer near the residence of the liberal Alberto Tarchiani.

Giustizia E Libertà is not born with the statute from party but as an insurrectionary revolutionary movement able to join together all the noncommunist formations which intend to fight and to put an end to the fascistic mode. As recalled by Giuseppe Fiori in the biography dedicated to Ernesto Rossi, the watchword of the movement creates by Lussu is “to rise! Ressusciter!” and the triumvirate in responsibility of guide the movement is the Rosselli Socialist, the Lussu republican and the Tarchiani liberal. The principal cores of combatants affiliated to Giustizia E Libertà are located especially in the north of Italy, with Milan one finds Ferruccio Parri, Bruno Bauer and LED Re; with Bergamo Ernesto Rossi; with Florence Tarquandi; with Rome Fancello E Torraca. In 1930 Carlo Rosselli publishes in Paris, near the Bookstore Valois, the theoretical text of the movement, liberal Socialisme, writes the previous year in Lipari; the text is reprinted in Italy for the first time in 1945 by Garosci. In a letter with this one, Gaetano Salvemini critical without reserve the liberal Socialism which it defines as “the volcanic eruption of an enthusiastic young person and not a critical work, balanced and substantial where is encapsulated a fundamental idea: the search for a socialism which endorses does not repudiate the liberal doctrines and it or which assumes vis-a-vis it an indifferent position or ambiguity”. According to Norberto Bobbio, on the contrary, the intentions and the conclusions at which Carlo Rosselli wants to arrive are quite different: above all it is essential the need for a “rupture between Marxisme and Socialisme” and thus it gives itself the possibility of being socialist without being Marxist. If socialism is regarded as indissociable Marxist system, time had just reconsidered its role in the light of a possible compatibility with the Libéralisme: “The socialism heard like ideal of freedom, not only is not incompatible with liberalism but it is theoretically the logical conclusion. The Marxism, and once again, it is necessary to understand by Marxism a rigorously deterministic vision of the history, led the labor movement to undergo the initiative of the adversary, and a defeat without precedent”.

The role of Giustizia E Libertà in the Spanish Civil war

In February 1936, after one period of great political and economic difficulties (revolutionary movements hard repressed, suspension of civic freedoms, dramatic social conditions of the population because of a still semi-feudal economic system) the popular front gains the elections. The forces reactionaries pass quickly to the counter-attack, in July the soldiers stationed with the Morocco, taken along by the general Francisco Franco carry out a pronunciamiento (military Coup d'etat) against the republican government. The soldiers who hope in an easy and fast victory, are vis-a-vis an important popular resistance which succeeds in little time to stop the advance the rebellious troops and to rebalance the situation. Part of the army, navy and aviation, is declared in favor of the Republic.

Whereas the governments remain indifferent, they are the Intellectuel S and the militants Antifasciste S of all the Europe who feel the duty to contribute their share to the combat of the Spanish republicans. Among those, there is Giustizia E Libertà which is placed immediately in first line. Rosselli convenes a meeting of the antifascists groups to organize an united action. Initially, the Communist party and the socialist party decide not to intervene in Spain not to create political problems with the republican government. Thus Giustizia E Libertà decides to act in an autonomous way with other antifascists groups of less importances (socialist maximalist, anarchistic) and thanks to the availability of the CNT-FAI, the anarchistic trade union which organizes resistance in Catalogne, an Italian column is created placed under the command anarchistic but opened with all the political tendencies. Carlo Rosselli assumes the direction of it.

It is only, thereafter, with the support of the the USSR to the Spanish republicans and the creation of the international Brigades, that the Communist parties, Socialists and republicans agree to create a unit legion, the Brigade Garibaldi which operates in Catalogne. Rosselli refuses to cooperate with Brigate Garibaldiet the formation is found thus isolated and with the militarization from popular resistance, of the dissensions are created between the anarchists intransigent with any discipline and Rosselli. This last which is free falls ill Spain temporarily to look after itself but little time after its return in France, it is assassinated like his/her brother Nello by fascistic henchmen.

Resistance in Italy and the Party of Action

Giustizia E Libertà is very active for the organization of group of resistant among which the homonym brigade " is; Giustizia E Libertà" controlled by Antonio Giuriolo) after the September 8th 1943. Groups of GL (called " gielline" or " gielliste") are, from a point of view of the manpower, placed in second position behind the groups attached to the brigades garibaldiennes of communist obedience. Resistant the giellini is recognized with their green scarf Among the most important characters, one finds Ferruccio Parri, named with the Comité of national release ( Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale - CLN) single ordering military of Résistence, Ugo Malfa, Emilio Lussu, Riccardo Lombardi, named in 1945 prefect of Milan by the CLN of Italy of North (CLNAI). In January 1943, the Parti action is created composed of elements of GL and other personalities of tendency liberal-Socialist, republican, socialist and democratic. For the period of resistance, the combatants of GL refers in term of political organization to the Party of action.

This one is presented in the form of a party which fights for a radical change of the Italian company:

  • while breaking with intransigence with the Fascism but also with Italy pre-fascist, on this point in opposition with the liberals,
  • for a company laic and secular, on this point in opposition with the Christian-Democrats,
  • for an democratic society progressist but pluralist and with a liberal political system, in this point in opposition with the Communists very related to the Soviet Union.

For these reasons, it creates a vast consensus among the people eager to fight Nazi-Fascism.

Giustizia and Linertà are divided in two major currents, one of left with ideas very close to the socialist party especially in economy in which one can include Emilio Lussu, Riccardo Lombardi and the communist ex like Leo Valiani and Manlio Rossi Doria left the Italian Communist party in 1939 follows to the Pacte Molotov-Ribbentrop) and one of right-hand side (in all relativity) with a more moderate orientation particvulièrement in economy with Ugo Malfa like more representative character and Mario Paggi, Alessandro Galante Garrone. This internal division will unrelentingly appear the finished war.

Ideologists or founders of the movement

Internal bonds

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