Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini (born in 1805 with Genoa and death in 1872 with Pisa), Revolutionary and patriotic Italian, enthusiastic republican and combatant for the realization of the Italian Unit.

He is the third child of a professor of medicine at the university of Genoa, republican tendency and a patriot very believing. In 1820 it is allowed at the University, and chooses medicine before being devoted to the right. In 1826 he writes its first literary test Dell' amor patrio di Dante , published the following year.

After studies of right and a license of Philosophy in 1827, it starts to affirm, against the capacity in place, that the “ fatherland of an Italian is neither Rome, nor Florence or Milan, but very whole Italy ” and adheres to the Charbonnerie, association secret with political objectives, to consolidate its ideas and to set up an action plan.

It was continued by the Piedmontese police force for its ideas and activities, which was worth to him to be imprisoned with Savone.

In 1831, taken refuge with Marseilles, it founds the movement " Italie" young person; (Giovine Italia), derived from the Charbonnerie and inspired by the Socialism, whose currency is " God and Peuple" , and the political base is the union of the various kingdoms of Italy in a Democratic republic. Mazzini also thinks that Italy must take the head of the movement of regeneration of Europe, then mainly under domination of very authoritative sovereigns.

The Piedmont condemns it to the perpetual banishment, the French police force of Louis-Philippe pursues it. The failure of an attempt at invasion of the Savoy is worth to him to be condemned to dead by Contumace by Piedmont. In 1834, it takes refuge in Suisse where it creates the movement " Europe" young person; (Giovine Europa), intended to gather the various European national movements (Irish, Greek, Polish etc).

In 1837, it is fixed at London from where it asks for to the pope Pie IX of be put at the head of a movement for the unit of Italy. In 1835 it published Foi and future and in 1837, Devoirs of the Man . It causes revolutionary movements with Bologna and Imola in 1842, with Cosenza in 1844, Rimini in 1845. All are failures. The revolutions of 1848, bring back it to Italy. It defends Naples against the Austrians come to restore the détrôné king, then it passes to Tuscany and finally to Rome where he becomes, in February 1849, one of the leaders of the news Roman République. It is driven out by it by the French come to restore on the throne the pope Pie IX, it goes back then to London. It tries without success to raise Mantoue (1852), Milan (1853), Genoa and Leghorn (1857).

Mazzini condemns free-Piedmontese alliance (1858) and the transfer of Savoy and the Comté of Nice to France (1860). Elected official appointed of Metz-native in 1865, it cannot sit, his election having been invalidated. In 1868, it tries to found a universal republican alliance. In 1870, it unloads in Sicily with an aim of creating the Italian republic (whereas the king Victor-Emmanuel II has just finished the unification of Italy). Decree, it is locked up with amnestied Gaëte then. It must be exiled in Switzerland. In 1872, it is under a name of loan that it regains Italy, to die in Pisa!

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