Giosuè Carducci

Giosuè Alessandro Michele Carducci is a Poète Italy N born in Valdicastello, a hamlet of Pietrasanta, the July 27th 1835, and deceased with Bologna the February 16th 1907. He was the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize of literature, in 1906.

He wrote his first pieces of poetry at the 13 years age before becoming a writer who will deeply influence the intellectual life of the Italy of the 19th century.

Its most known work is Cruel Odes , published in 1882.

In 1906, sick and weak, it could not move to receive the Nobel Prize. He died the following year.

Biography

Childhood

He is born in 1835 in Valdicastello, a hamlet of Pietrasanta in the Versilia in Toscane, of Michele and Ildegonda Celli. The family moves in Bolgheri, hamlet of Castagneto in the Maremme in 1839, where the father, implied in the strikes of the carbonari of 1831, exerted the trade of Médecin. It is in this country, often evoked in its poetry, that the Carducci young person passes a quiet childhood.

Carducci undertakes its first readings with Bolgheri under the aegis of his/her father, man equipped with a good traditional culture.

Its studies

In 1849 the family settles with Florence, where the Giosuè young person supplements his studies at the Scolopi, acquiring a good base in literature and Rhétorique. In 1853, after having passed the contest, it is registered with the Faculty of Arts of the National university of Pisa. It arises graduate in 1855 after having written a thesis on the poetry of Chevalerie, and publishes of it its first towards in the monthly magazine ARPA LED popolo (" The Toothing-stone of the peuple").

Teaching

In 1856 it moves with Santa Maria has Monte, small borough of the Province of Pisa, and it teaches rhetoric with the college of the close village, San Miniato, living an intense experiment which it will tell later in an autobiographical work, Ricorse di San Miniato .

During the same year, he affirms his poetic style anti romantic and founds the literary company of the Amis pedants ( Amici pedanti ), of tendency very classicist and anti-romantic, intervening in the discussions between the manzoniani and the antiones, to which he belonged.

In July of the same year it receives the title of professor, but the government does not recognize its designation for the contest of the college of Arezzo.

Its policy

Supervised by the police force because of her republican ideas, it is suspended of its function of teacher. He thus lives in Florence during three years, working in the Barbera editors, where he is charged with the edition of small volumes of the Bibliotechina Diamante . He gives also private courses.

Mourning

His/her Dante younger brother dies in 1857, accidentally killed by his father, who commits suicide the following year, haunted by the event. Both are buried in the old cemetery of Santa Maria has Monte; their tombs are still visible there. Carducci crosses one period of great depression, which is seen in its works of the time, where it speaks about " the colline" where the tragedy took place.

In 1859 it marries his/her cousin, Elvira Menicucci. It had four children of her, which helped it to recover from its double mourning.

The return to teaching

Returned with teaching, it is named in a college of Pistoia, where it teaches the old Greek and the Latin during all the year 1859.

By the decree of the September 26th 1860, it is named chief of the department of Italian literature of the Université of Bologna by the minister of state education, Terenzio Mamiani Della Rovere. It will keep this station until in 1904, three years before its death. It publishes meanwhile Juvenilia , a collection of all its poetries of the previous decade.

In 1863 it publishes Inno has Satana under the Pseudonyme of Enotrio Romano , a success which causes polemical sharp. Delle Tuscan poetry di A. Poliziano is published the same year.

Laic poetry

Influenced by the literatures French and German, its poetry becomes more and more laic, at the same time as its political options are directed towards the Républicanisme. In 1868 it publishes its collection more turned towards the policy, Levia Gravia .

Its bonds with the Freemasonry

In 1866 the test Dante E the età sweated is published, and Carducci founds the maconnic Loge " Felsinea". Its bonds with Freemasonry, like with the democratic union, are expensive to him; the Broglio minister requests his change from the department of Latin Littérature of the university of Naples, which Carducci refuses. The change is however cancelled in 1868, but the poet was not paid for two months.

In 1870 die his/her mother and her three year old son, Dante, leaving him with a deep pain which it tries to reduce by an intense literary work.

National poet

In 1871 it meets Carolina Cristofori Piva (mother of Gino Piva), a woman of strong cultural ambition, with which it begins a correspondence which transforms into love affair in 1872. It will dedicate much of its worms to this woman, called Lina or Lidia in its letters and its poems. It is in this period that its reputation as a " is consolidated; guide" national of the Italian culture. He writes much, working on the Rime nuove (1861 - 1887) and the cruel Odes ( barbarian Odi , 1877 - 1889).

He continues to teach at the university, where it trains men who will become very known, like Giovanni Pascoli, Stefano Ferrari, Renato Serra, Alfredo Panzini and Manara Valgimigli.

He goes to Rome for the first time in 1873, and publishes has proposito di alcuni giudizi di A. Manzoni and LED rinovvamento letterario of Italia .

In 1878, at the time of the voyage of the royal family in Bologna, it writes the Oda went Regina d' Italia to the honor of the queen Marguerite, admiror of her worms. He sees himself marked to convert with the camp Monarchiste, causing a strong polemic at the republicans.

In the following years he collaborates with the Journal Fanfulla della Domenica , favorable to the government (1878), like with the Cronaca bizantina , publishes the Nouvelles cruel odes ( Nuovi Odi Barbare ) and Giambi AD epodi , and reads his famous speech Per the dead di Garibaldi (1882).

Its work on the Cronaca bizantina will produce the Sonnet S of That will go (1883), and in 1887 it publishes the Rime nuove .

Its course at the university on the poem of Giuseppe Parini, It Giorno , will produce the important test Storia LED " Giorno" di G. Parini (1888).

In 1889, following the publication of the third edition of its Cruel Odes , it starts to cash gather all its works in an edition twenty volumes, finished in 1899.

Senator

In 1890 it becomes senator. During its mandate it supports the policy of Francesco Crispi, which directed a preserving government even after the defeat of Adua.

He knows the writer Annie Vivanti the same year, with which he binds of a strong sentimental friendship.

Its last years

In 1899 it publishes its last collection of worms, Rime E Ritmi , and in 1904 it is constrained to leave teaching because of health issues.

It receives the Nobel Prize of literature in 1906 and dies little of time afterwards, the February 16th 1907.

Its works

It is not always easy to follow the development of the poetry of Carducci through collections which it published itself. In fact, the poet reorganized several times and in different ways the components, and gave them a systematic organization only later in the edition of its complete Oeuvres .

Volumes of the collection of its works do not correspond to the chronological order of their creation but to the kinds; one thus finds the one period poetry defined in several different volumes.

Bibliography carduccian

The Rhyme , known as the Rhyme di San Miniato , were published in 1857, were followed in 1868 by the first collection, in four books, of the Levia Gravia (under the pseudonym of Enotrio Romano).

Poetry , a volume divided into three parts, leaves in 1871. The first part, entitled Decennalia , contains political poetries made up during the decade going of 1860 to 1870; the second was called it also Levia Gravia and the third Juvenilia .

In 1872 appear the Primavere elleniche , put later in the collection of the Rime Nuove , dedicated to Lidia. The following year sees the exit of Nuove poetry di Enotrio Romano , composed of forty six works of varied kinds.

Cruel Odes left in 1877, the first book in worms built with the Métrique barbarian, followed in 1882 by the barbarian Nuove Odi and in 1889 by the barbarian Terze Odi .

Giambi AD Epodi , the collection which contains most of polemical poetries and Jacobin be preceding, appears in 1882. In 1887 were published the Rime Nuove , which contains best poetry preceding, but based, as the title underlines it, on the Romance tradition.

The last collection, Rhyme E Ritmi , published in 1899, includes all its poetries, which they are based on the metric free one or not.

Its works

Carducci definitively organized its collections under the title of Œuvres ( Opere ), leaving side some texts. The collections follow in this order:

• Juvenilia in seven books (1850-1860)
• Levia Gravia in two books (1861-1871)
• Inno has Satana (1863)
• Giambi ED Epodi in two books (1867-1879)
• Intermezzo (1874-1887)
• Rime Nuove in nine books (1861-1887)
• Odi Barbare in two books (1873-1889)
• Rime E Ritmi (1889-1898)
• Della Canzone di Legnano , 1e left ( It Parlamento ), (1879)

Juvenilia

The first collection of its worms, that Carducci chooses and divided itself, carries the significant title of Juvenilia (1850-1860). It has a a little provincial character and pedant of the group of the Amis pedants ( Amici pedanti ) that the Carducci young person formed then with the romantic goal to fight the florentins. In the worms one notes the imitation of traditional old and, among the modern ones, especially those of Vittorio Alfieri, Vincenzo Monti, Ugo Foscolo, and Giacomo Leopardi.

After this first experiment, Carducci, which had meanwhile widened its cultural horizons with the reading of Hugo, Barbier, Shelley, Heine and Von Platen, absorbed the experiments of European romantic poetry and the ideas of all the democratic movements born of the French revolution, becoming republican and mazzinien.

This period of great ideological enthusiasm sees being born Inno has Satana and Giambi AD Epodi and the poems of Levia Gravia .

Levia Gravia

The title can result in the heavy things and the light things .

In this second collection, Levia Gravia (1861-1871), whose title is composed of two plurals without conjunction, according to a traditional use, there are not very original poetries, imitations often written for particular occasions.

Many the poems reflect its disillusion with the Risorgimento. Among the most successful poems one finds Congedo , where the nostalgia of that dominates which saw its youth passing, while most important from the historical point of view Per it is trasporto delle reliquie di U. Foscolo in S. Croce , and politquement important is Dopo Aspromonte , where one sees a Garibaldi trusting and rebel.

Inno has Satana

The Inno has Satana (1863), which celebrates Satan as a symbol of the rebellion against the life and progress, precedes the collection Giambi AD Epodi . This Anthem, though being poetic little of value, as Carducci will recognize it, remains however an important document not only ideas of Carducci but of all the Italian intellectuals of the time. The topic of the poem, recurrent theme in the literature, is that of the progress, represented by the Steam engine.

Giambi ED Epodi

The collection called Giambi ED Epodi (1867-1879), is considered to be polemical by the critic. Though yet true poetry carduccian is not seen there, one meets there all the passion of the poet and all the topics of his poetry.

The title evokes the antique poetry satirico - Polémique, like that of the Greek Archiloque or that of the Romain Horace, which takes as a starting point the poet Soldat.

In Giambi ED Epodi one sees the exaltation of the great ideas of the Liberté and the Justice, the contempt for the compromises of unified Italy, the polemic against the Pape and much of aspects of the Italian life.

Rhyme nuove

In the collection Rhyme nuove (1861-1887), preceded by Intermezzo , one hears echoes of Hugo, Von Platen, Goethe, Heine, Baudelaire, and Poe. The contents are based on preceding works of Carducci, but are thorough.

The subject of the French revolution is tackled in the twelve Sonnet S of That will go . Beside the dream, on the historical level, of free and primitive people, one finds poems on free childhood and rebel in the landscape of the Maremme, as it is the case of the sonnet Traversando Maremma toscana , one of most beautiful of the poet.

Cruel Odes

The collection Cruel Odes (1873-1889) represents the attempt to reproduce metric quantitative Greeks and Romans with metric the accentuativa Italian. Both are definitely different, but other poets had already made in the same way for 14th century. It calls however its cruel odes because they would appear thus with a Greek, a Romain or with Italians of his time.

In the Odes prevail the historical topics and that, landscape designer with more intimate keys, than one finds in the poem Alla stazione in una mattina of autunno . One finds also the fundamental topics of poetry carduccian: the family, the Childhood, the Natural , and the Dead, accepted with a virile sadness, as in Nevicata .

Rhyme E Ritmi

In the collection Rhyme E Ritmi (1889-1898) of 29 poems, the composition into metric traditional makes place with that as a metric barbarian, as the title even underlines it. The same topics are recapitulated, not without interesting innovations. If the odes historical, of Piemonte to Cadore , once famous, are not any more with the taste of the readers of today, others find a great popularity, showing Carducci more intimate and sensitive to the changing tastes which mark the end of the 19th century. The most appreciated are the poems known under the name of Idilii alpini ( Idylles alpine ), like the ostessa di Gaby, Esequie beyond guided E.R., In rivetted Al Lily, Sant' Abbondio, and elegia LED assembles Spluga , and the Mezzogiorno alpino . Presso una Certosa is, in its turn, a kind of ideal will in which, confronted with death, Carducci its faith in the values of poetry reaffirms. Sad the reduced S moglie LED gigante and Jaufré Rudel is very important, too.

Beyond canzone di Legnano, leaves I (It Parlamento)

Published in 1879, It Parlamento , the first part of Della Canzone di Legnano , is undoubtedly one of the masterpieces of Carducci where all the inspiration of his collections is found.

Poetry

With Carducci one finds a negative reaction with the Romantisme (of Prati, of Aleardi), and even against the scapigliati .

Its reaction sees the return to traditional and the search of a really literary Italian language.

Life, and its values (of glory, love, beauty and heroism), is undoubtedly the greatest inspiration of the poet, but the landscapes are also very important for him, the landscapes which neither picturesque nor are exaltées as a miracle of the beauty, but the powerful Earth against which all the creatures fight.

Another broad topic carduccian is that of the memory, the nostalgia of the missed hopes, all that is not any more.

The poetry of Carducci sometimes impetuous and dramatic, is expressed in a noble language without overflow nor too much insistence.

Criticism

Carducci very criticized by several people, of which Enotrio Ladenarda (pseudonym of Andrea Lo Forte (in Lettera aperta has Benedetto Croce , Giosuè Carducci , vol. 1 and 2, and Feticisti Carduccini ), and Sapegno, which defines it as a minor poet .

List works

• Primi versi
• Juvenilia
• Levia gravia , 1868
• Giambi ED epodi , 1882
• Rhyme nuove , 1861 - 1887
• barbarian Odi , 1877 - 1889
• Rhyme E ritmi , 1899
• Prose giovanili
• Primi saggi
• Discorsi letterari E storici
• Studi sulla will letteratura italiana dei primi secoli
• I trovatori E the cavalleria
• Dante
• Petrarca E Boccaccio
• It Poliziano E Umanesimo
• will coltura It estense E the gioventù dell' Ariosto
• Ariosto E it Tasso
• Lirica E storia nei secoli XVII E XVIII
• Studi known Giuseppe Parini
• it Parini undervalues
• it Parini maggiore
• Poeti E appears del Risorgimento
• Leopardi E Manzoni
• Scritti di storia E di erudizione
• Bozzetti E scherme
• Confessioni E battaglie
• Ceneri E faville
• Versioni da antichi E da moderni
• Ricordi autobiografici, saggi E frammenti
• Inno has Satana , 1863
• Alla Regina d' Italia , 1878
• Poesie
• Del Risorgimento italiano
• Dello svolgimento beyond will letteratura nazionale
• Letture italiane scelte E annotate AD uso delle suole secondarie inferiori , with Ugo Brilli
• That will go. Versi E prosa
• Amarti E odiarti. Lettere has Lidia
• Confessioni E battaglie
• Per it tricolor , speech for the first centenary of tricolor Italian
• Cacce in rima
• Prose
• Accapigliatura ED altre prose
• Lo studio bolognese
• Faida di Comune
• It libro delle prefazioni

Curiosities

Though Carducci was baptized Giosuè , the poet always preferred the not accentuated form of his first name. This is why one finds the two orthographies in the texts on Carducci.

There is a Cratère Carducci on the surface of Mercure, named in honor of the poet.

See too

External bonds

• Several works of Carducci available to the format pdf, rtf and barbarian text
• '' Odi '' with format pdf
• Some poems of Carducci

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