Giacomo Leopardi

Giacomo Leopardi , born the June 29th 1798 with Recanati and dead the June 14th 1837 with Naples, is a Moraliste, Poète and Italian Philosophe .

Biography

Oldest son of the Count Monaldo Leopardi and of the Marchioness Adelaide Antici, Giacomo Leopardi is resulting from a Famille Noble of Province. Its education is rigid and religious, its very delicate Santé; its life with Recanati is monotonous. The Leopardi young person carries out a solitary life in the paternal Bibliothèque of which it devours the works, while wishing constantly that the Mort deliver it: “I am ripe for death! ”

He is perceived in the literary world like “poet of pessimism”, like illustrates it celebrates it towards Alfred de Musset: “Lover of death Sinks, poor Leopardi”. Its works in prose also translate this state of heart: Small Works morals ( Operetta morali , 1826-1827), a hundred and Eleven Thoughts ( Cento undici pensieri , posthumous, 1845) and its enormous philosophical Newspaper, the Zibaldone , published in a posthumous way in 1900.

Leopardi is devoted to the Philologie as of the fifteen years age. At sixteen years, it annotates the Life of Plotin by Porphyre of Tyr and writes a test on the popular errors of old the .

At twenty years, he writes First Love following a disillusion in love. Its physical disgrace and its poverty affect its life.

During this same period, it becomes acquainted with Pietro Giordani; but the disappointed hopes that this Amitié causes precipitate its rupture with the religious faith. Giordani, Monk émancipé, did not perceive the need for Leopardi to have a friend who left it his Solitude. Its faith rocks, its philosophical opinions radically change, which opposes it to his/her father, itself writer. The family home, which he does not manage to leave, becomes to him unbearable (“abborrito E inabitabile Recanati”).

In a letter of March 6th, 1820, Leopardi reports a dream with Giordani: “These fights of the spirit and the heart, this exact moment when the crisis bursts in all its intensity and one sees suddenly that one has just crossed the crucial limit between the faith and the doubt…”

It is a design identical of the life which emerges, to the same moment, at the Italian poet confined in his small town and at the German philosopher Schopenhauer. These two men probably never met nor written, and Leopardi did not read the book of Schopenhauer the world like will and representation . Leopardi summarizes its philosophy of the Pessimisme in the concept of infelicità . Leopardi does not write to propagate its ideas; he sings as a poet his evil of living and the car a vision of the human condition. He does not want to adhere to the school the lyric ones and the desperate ones which claimed it for their brother. He does not want despair intellectual and keeps his freedom of thought.

He travels much but its financial resources are weak. In the month of October 1822, on the authorities of some friends, it leaves Recanati for Rome. It meets friends (Niebuhr, minister of Prussia at the pontifical court, Alessandro Manzoni, Mr. Bunsen, Mr. Reinhold, minister of Holland, librarian of Angelo May) and is made enemies (the Manzi librarian). It does not find a situation stable, refuses to enter in prélature and is not solved with a loan which would have improved its condition. He does not ask anything his father who does not propose any financial aid to him. Very right Leopardi chooses it for work of edition and is seen it charged to draw up the catalog of the Greek Manuscrit S of the Barberine library. The few voyages out of the family home will be short, with Bologna, Pisa or Florence.

Its Nationalism in its poems In Italy , On the monument of Dante (1818) or With Angelo May (1822). It is fascinated by the last glory of Italy but, after Dante, the Cup and Alfieri, does not see him any more any future and condemns France to have sent to died the Italian legions during the Campagne of Russia. Dante preferred the hell with the Earth, and Leopardi itself, in the poem Paralipomènes of Batrachomyomachie , described in a sarcastic way its own descent into Hell.

Brutus the Young person (1821) is an illustration of the pessimism of Leopardi; Brutus was the last of old wise and it remains after him no noble hope. Leopardi is opposed to the romantic in its Discours on romantic poetry (1818) and discovers one year later philosophy sensualist of the Age of Enlightenment which will influence its work considerably. He sings nothing of the man vis-a-vis nature with the Broom or the Fleur of the desert , and his despair in the solitary Life (1821), infinite the (1819) and With Sylvie .

Poetic biography

Leopardi, as of its childhood, seeks to reach the “glory of the letters”. It takes refuge for that, as of the ten years age, in the large library of his father, where it passes “sette anni di studio matto E disperatissimo” (seven years of study, insane, without hope) during which it learns only the Latin , the Greek , the Hebrew and several modern languages of which the English and the French.

The first works are products of pure traditional scholarship and translations philological which one calls “puerilia”.

It is in 1816 that Leopardi crosses a first poetic period of transformation, called by criticisms “literary conversion”, i.e. a passage of the scholarship to the philosophical feeling of beautiful.

The second conversion occurs in 1819, this one is the “philosophical conversion”, marked by the passage of beautiful to “truth”. Leopardi realizes of the nullity of the human things; he writes in the Zibaldone “nel nulla io stesso” (“in nothing myself”).

He is reached in 1819 by a Ophtalmie which prevents it from reading and the conduit with an attempt at Suicide.

In 1822, Leopardi escapes from the “natio borgo selvaggio” (“native wild borough”, i.e. Recanati). It goes to Rome but the city disappoints it and it traverses all the Italy: Milan, Florence, Pisa, Naples.

This first period, until 1822, is characterized by a literary production in particular made up by patriotic songs ( All' Italia ) and idylles (of the name of works of the Greek Mosco, that Leopardi had translated in 1815).

Successive works are divided into two groups:

- Large idylles (as De Sanctis calls them), made up between Pisa and Recanati.

- The Operetta Morali ( Petites works morals ) where it writes a satire of the contemporary company which it estimates to be degraded and too attached to the terrestrial goods.

Works

  • Canti ( Songs )

  • Operette morali ( Small works morals )
  • Zibaldone di pensieri
  • Discorso di a italiano intorno went poesia romantica
  • Discorso will sopra lo stato presents dei costumi degli italiani
  • Pensieri ( Pensées )
  • Epistolario (Bollati Boringhieri, Turin, 1998)

Some translations in French

  • general Correspondence , Combined, Paris, 2007

  • Chants/Canti , transl. and meadows. by Mr. Orcel, GF Flammarion, Paris, 2005
  • Ten Small philosophical Parts , transl. and meadows. by Mr. Orcel, Cognac, 1985
  • Zibaldone , meadows. and transl. by B. Scheffer, Combined, Paris, 2003
  • Keats and Leopardi. Some new translations , Yves Bonnefoy, Mercure de France, 2000
  • Small works morals , transl. by Joel Gayraud, presented by Giorgio Colli, Combined, Paris, 1993.
  • Pensées , transl. by Joel Gayraud, ED. commented by Cesare Galimberti, Combined, Paris, 1994.
  • Journal of the first love , transl. and meadows. by Joel Gayraud, Combined, Paris, 1994.
  • the Massacre of the illusions , transl. by Joel Gayraud, presented and commented by Mario-Andrea Rigoni, Allia, Paris, 1993.
  • the Theory of the pleasure , transl. by Joel Gayraud, presented and commented by Giorgio Panizza, Allia, Paris, 1994.
  • Eloge of the birds , transl. and presented by Joel Gayraud, Thousand and One Nights, Paris, 1995.
  • Théorie of arts and the letters , transl., presented and commented by Joel Gayraud, Allia, Paris, 1996.
  • Mémoires of my life , transl. presented and commented on by Joel Gayraud, Jose Corti, Paris, 1999.

Biography

  • Damiani (R.), Vita di Leopardi , Mondadori, Milan, 1992

  • Paolo Abbate, " Vita Erotica di Léopardi" , c.i. Edizioni, luglio 2000.

Critical

  • Baldacci (L.), It male nell' processes , Milan, 1997

  • Larbaud (V.), Jaune white blue , Gallimard, Paris, 1927
  • id., Under the invocation of saint Jerome , Gallimard, Paris, 1946
  • Nietzsche (F.), Intorno has Leopardi , ED. It melangolo, Genoa, 1992
  • Orcel (Mr.), " The sound of the infini" in Language mortal , Paris, 1987
  • id., Three warriors plus a , Cognac, 1993
  • id., " Leopardi and the garden of the mal" in obscure Italy , Paris, 2001
  • Lends (A.), It pensiero poetante , Milan, 1980
  • Rigoni (Mr. A.), It pensiero di Leopardi , Milan, 1997
  • Holy-Beuve, Portrait of Leopardi , Allia, Paris, 1994
  • Ungaretti (G.), Innocence and memory , transl. by pH. Jaccottet, Paris, 1969*

External Links

  • Life And Supplements Works By Giacomo Leopardi - Format HTML
  • complete Textes of works by Leopardi

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