The Ghaznévides (Persian: سلسلهغزنویان) is a Moslem dynasty, of Turkish origin, founded by Subuktigîn and which reigned of the end of the 10th century at the end of the 12th century on an empire consisted the areas of the Khorâsan, of Ghaznî and the Panjâb.
The Empire Ghaznavide (سلسلهغزنویان into Persan) existed of 962 with 1187 directed by a dynasty mamelouke of Turkish origin . It was a State Musulman Sunnite which initially directed the Grand Khorasan (thus replacing the Samanides), centered on current the Afghanistan. It was created by Alp Tigin with the town of Ghazna like capital. After the Battle of Dandanakan in 1039, the Empire lost its territories of the east to the profit of the Seljoukides and moved its capital with Lahore, reigning thus mainly with the Punjab.
Rise to power
Two military families rise Guard-Slaves Turkish S of the Samanides - Simjurides and Ghaznavides - what will appear later on disastrous for Samanides. The Simjurides receive the area of the Kouhistan (Qûhistân) in the south of the Khorasan. Alp Tigin founds the fortune of Ghaznavides when it is established itself in Ghazna (current Ghazni in Afghanistan) in 962. He and Abu Al-Hassan Simjuri, as generals Samanides, are rivals one of the other for the post of governor of Khorasan and the control of the Samanide empire while placing on the throne of the emir S which they can dominate when Abdul Malik I {{er}} dies in 961. Abu Al-Hassan dies into 961, but when the emir Samanide Abdul Malik I {{er}}, dies into 961 that creates a crisis of succession between the brothers of Abdul Malik. Part of the court, at the instigation of the class of the civils servant (civil ministers in opposition with the generals Turkish) rejects the candidature of Alp Tigin for the throne samanide. Mansur I {{er}} is installed on the throne, and Alp Tigin is withdrawn prudently in its strongholds with Ghazna. Simjurides like to control Khorasan of the South and the Oxus but are subjected to strong pressures by a third great Iranian dynasty, the Bouyides, and are unable to survive the fall of Samanides and the rise of Ghaznavides.The fight of the generals Turkish slaves for the control of the throne with the assistance of an allegiance changing on behalf of the chiefs of the ministerial court shows and accelerates the decline of Samanides. The weakness of Samanides attracts in Transoxiane the Turkish S Qarluq, which coldly converted with Islam. They occupy Bukhara in 992 to establish in Transoxiane the Qarakhanides, also called Ilek-Khanide dynasty. Alp Tigin succeeds Ghazna Sebüktigin (death in 997). The son of Subuktigîn, Mahmoud, concludes with Qarakhanides an agreement in which they recognize the Oxus like their mutual border.
Domination
Subuktigîn proclaims itself lord of the territories which constitute about the current Afghanistan and of the Pendjab by its conquests of the territories Samanide and Shahi. In 997, Mahmoud, the son of Sebük Tigin, succeeds his/her father after his death, and with him Ghazni and the Ghaznavide dynasty becomes perpetually associated. dynasty cuts become perpetually associated. It supplements the conquests on the Samanide, the Shahi, the kingdom ismaélien of Multan, of the Sindh S as well as certain Bouyides territories. It is under place that place had the golden age and the apogee of the Ghaznevide Empire. Mahmoud carries out seventeen forwardings through the north of the India by establishing her control there and by installing tributary states there. These stiff had as a consequence the constitution of spoils enormous result of a great number of plundering. Borders of the Kurdistan to Samarkand, Caspian Sea with the Yamuna, it establishes its authority there.The richnesses reported of Indian forwardings to Ghazni were enormous, and the contemporary historians (like Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Ferdowsi) gave an eulogistic description of the magnificence of the capital, as well as the generous support of the conqueror to the literature. Mahmoud dies in 1030, and his/her son Mas' ud was unable to control the conquered territories and loses the Bataille of Dandanakan in 1040 against the Seljoukides. Although it had there a certain start under Ibrahim (1059-1099), the empire will reach never again the same power and same splendor. Ghaznevides were eclipsed soon by the Seljoukides of Iran.
The Ghaznavide Empire ends in 1149 with the capture of Ghazna by the Ghurides. The Ghaznavid capacity in the north of the India continues until the conquest of Lahore in 1187.
After their losses of being able, Ghaznavides settled in Ghazni, where - during centuries - a new tribe evolved/moved, named the Ghilzai tribe, mentioned for the first time at the 16th century. The historical sources are a little fuzzy but it supposes that it is Nasher, the last Khan Ghaznavid, which reigned on the tribe of Ghilzai Kharoti at the 10th century. They again became important between, when Khans found several dynasties, among which the dynasty Hotaki, reigning a time on Persia and the dynasty (Lodi) Moghol with Delhi.
The sultans ghaznévides
- 962-963 : Alptegîn
-
977-997 : Subuktigîn
- 997-1030 : Mahmûd Yamîn ul-Daulâ
- 1030-1040 : Mas'ud Ghaznavi Ier Shihâb ul-Daulâ
- 1040-1041 : Muhammed
- 1041-1048 : Mawdûd Abû Al-Fath
- 1048-1050: Mas' ud II
- 1050-1050: Ali Abûl Hassan Bahâ ul-Daulâ
- 1050-1052: Abd ur-Rashîd Izz ul-Daulâ
- 1052-1053 : Tughrîl Qiwwam ul-Daulâ
- 1053-1059 : Farrukhzâd Jamâl ul-Daulâ
- 1059-1099 : Ibrahim Zahîr ul-Daulâ
- 1099-1114: Mas' ud Ghaznavi III Alâ ul-Daulâ
- 1114-1115: Sherzâd
- 1115-1118 : Arslân Sultân ul-Daulâ
- 1118-1152 : Bahrâm Shâh
- 1152-1160 : Khusrû Shâh Muizz ud-DIN
- 1160-1186: Khusrû Mâlik Shâh Tâj ul-Daulâ
Source
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