George IV of the United Kingdom

George IV (George Augustus Frederick, born with London the August 12th 1762 - June 26th 1830) with the castle of Windsor.

It was regent of 1811 with 1820 and king of the the United Kingdom and of Ireland of the January 29th 1820 until its death.

It ensured regency when his/her father sank in the madness, which nowadays made think that George III was reached of porphyrie. Its regency was marked by the Napoleonean wars in Europe.

Georges IV was an obstinate sovereign, often involving himself in the policy, in particular as regards the emancipation of the roman catholics. He was called " Prinny" (the scandalous one)

In most of the regency of prince de Galles, Robert Jenkinson, count de Liverpool directed the government in the capacity as Prime Minister. One remembers prince de Galles as a man who had an extravagant lifestyle that it maintained during his reign. Its relationship with his/her father and his Caroline wife of Brunswick was hateful. It made prohibit his wife from witnessing her crowning. It created new forms of leisures, mode and taste. It called upon the architect John Nash to build the royal house of Brighton and the rebuilding of the Château of Windsor. Georges IV was a freemason

Family

Wire of the king George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte de Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

George IV married secretly the December 15th 1785, a catholic, Madam Maria Anne Fitzherbert, but the marriage was not recognized by the law, for various reasons, in particular the roman catholic confession of the bride.

Always married, his/her father forced it in 1795 has to marry his cousin Caroline of Brunswick, this marriage was a disaster.

From this union was born:

Youth of Georges IV

Georges IV was born with the palate from Saint-James to London. With its birth, it accepted the titles of duke of Cornouailles and duke of Rothesay, a few days later, he became prince de Galles and count of Chester. The September 18th 1762, it was baptized by the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker. He was a brilliant pupil, he quickly learned German, French and Italian. In 1783, it obtained a concession of £60 000 of the Parliament and an annual income of £50 000.

It bench its residence with the manor of Carlton where he lived a life of luxury and vice. A disagreement is established between the father and the son. At the age of twenty and one years, the prince of Wales éprit of a roman catholic, Maria Anne Fitzherbert, widow for the second time in 1781. According to the law of 1781, the princes linked with a roman catholic could not reach the throne of Great Britain. Moreover, the royal act of marriages of 1772 stipulated that the prince of Wales could not marry without the assent of the king. Néammoins, the prince of Wales married on December 15th, 1785 Marie-Anne Fitzherbert. Legally, this union was not valid because the assent of the king was never required. However Marie Anne Fitzherbert believed that it was the canonical wife of prince de Galles, holding the law of the Church for higher than the law of the State. For political reasons the union remained secret. The lifestyle of prince de Galles brought it to an important debt. His/her father refused any financial aid to him and forced it to leave its manor of Carlton to live with the residence of Marie Anne Fitzherbert. In 1787, the prince having of combined with the House of Commons, it presented a proposal in order to settle its debts with a parliamentary concession. The personal reports/ratios of Marie Anne Fitzherbert and prince de Galles appeared suspect, but the revelation of this union would have scandalized the public opinion. Acting on the order of prince de Galles, Charles James Fox declared way vehement that this history was a calumny. Marie Anne Fitzherbert was not satisfied with the denial brought by Charles James Fox. The prince brought the appeasing to him while asking Richard Brinsky Sheridan to reiterate the denial of Charles James Fox in neater terms. The Parliament granted to prince de Galles the sum of £161 000 for the payment of its debts, £60 000 for the improvement of the manor of Carlton.

Marriage

The debts of prince de Galles continued to swell; his/her father refused any financial aid to him, except if the prince agree to marry Caroline of Brunswick. The prince of Wales accepted. The marriage took place on April 8th, 1795 in the royal vault of the Saint-James Palate. This union was a disaster. Dice the birth of their daughter Charlotte in 1796, they were sépararèrent. The prince of Wales remained attached to Marie Anne Fitzherbert for the remainder of his life, in spite of his various frauds.

Mistresses

The prince of Wales could have illegitimate children.

Its mistresses were:

Mary Robinson, an actress which one bought silence with a generous pension to prevent that this one publishes in the newspapers the letters very compromising of prince de Galles.

Honoured Elliot, the wife of a doctor.

Frances Villiers, countess of main Jersey of the prince during a few years.

Isabella Seymour-Conway, marchioness of Herford which was the mistress of prince de Galles in the last years of its life.

Elisabeth Conyngham, Conyngham marchioness was the mistress during the ten years of the life of prince de Galles.

Crisis of regency of 1788

In 1788, the health of George III was degraded but it could néammoins discharge from certain functions. Thus, it could extend the functions of the Parliament of the September 25th 1788 with the November 20th 1788. During this prolongation, the health of the king worsened, it even constituted a threat for its life. At the time of the convocation in November 1788, the king was in the incapacity to provide the speech from the throne concerning the opening of the new session of the Parliament. This last was in an insupportable position: according to the law established for a long time, the Parliament could proceed to no business until the speech of the sovereign to the opening of the Parliament. Theoretically this one could not speak about regency, despite everything it started to speak about the installation of a regent. With the House of Commons, Charles James Fox declared that in the capacity as oldest son of the king the prince of Wales could assume this regency throughout incapacity of his father. William Pitt the Young person had on the subject a contrary opinion, this one alleging that in the absence of a statute for contrary purpose, only the Parliament was to entitle to choose the regent. Moreover, the Prime Minister declared that without parliamentary authority “the prince of Wales does not have more the right… to assume the government, that any other individual subject of the country”. On the basic principle of regency, William Pitt was in disagreement with Charles James Fox, but joined it concerning the choice of prince de Galles. The prince of Wales offended by the boldness of the remarks of William Pitt did not give his total support to Charles James Fox. The younger brother of the prince, Frederick, duke of York and Albany declared that his/her brother would not try to exert the power without obtaining the assent of the Parliament. After the passage of the first resolutions, William Pitt exposed her plan for regency, this one proposed that the capacities of prince de Galles were limited considerably. In others, the prince of Wales could not sell the property of the king or grant a paiery to no matter whom other than a child of the king. The prince of Wales denounced the arrangement of William Pitt, declaring to him: “A project to produce weakness, disorder and the insecurity in each branch of the administration of the businesses”. In the interest of the kingdom, the two parties agreed on the compromise.

A significant prevention could make impossible the speech from the throne, this speech was necessary to the Parliament to start all discussions or votes. Legally, the speech from the throne was provided by the king, but could also be delivered by royal representatives known under the names of Lords police chiefs , but no document could authorize the Lords police chiefs to be acted unless the Large Chancellor had not affixed his seals. The seal could not be affixed without the prior approval of the king. William Pitt and the members of her ministry were unaware of this last condition, they asked the Large Chancellor to affix his seal without the assent of the king. This assumption in fact was denounced by Edmund Burke like “bright falseness”, like “palpable nonsense”. Prince Frédérick, duke of York and Albany qualified this law “unconstitutional and illegal”, néammoins certain members of the Parliament estimated that such an arrangement was necessary to preserve an effective government. Consequently, the February 3rd 1789, more than two months after its meeting, the Parliament was solemnly opened by an “illegal” group Lords police chiefs. The law on Regency was presented, but before it can be voted the health condition of Georges III improved clearly thanks to the care taken by Doctor Francis Willis. Having found his spirits, Georges III declared the law authorizing the Lords police chiefs to be acted like valid.

Regency

In 1810, Georges III sank défintivement in the madness following the death of his/her more young girl, the Amélia princess. The Parliament agreed to follow the precedent of 1788 without the assent of the king, the Large Chancellor affixed the large seal of the kingdom on the letters of the kingdom and called the Lords police chiefs. The latter, in the name of the king, meant the granting of the royal assent to a law which became the Act of Regency of 1811. The Parliament limited certain capacities of the prince regent Régent (at the moment when the prince of Wales was appointed prince regent Régent). The constraints expired one year after the vote of this act.

The January 5th 1811, the prince of Wales became officially prince regent Régent. The emancipation of the roman catholics was one of the internal problems to the most important kingdom to which the prince of Wales had to face during his regency. Indeed the roman catholics suffered from various political incapacities. The Tories carried out by the Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval were opposed to the emancipation roman catholics, whereas the Whigs supported it. The beginning of Regency, each one expected the support of the chief of the Whig party, William Wyndham, Ier baron Grenville by the prince regent Régent. He of it was nothing. Influenced by his mother, he declared that the resignation of the Tory government was a too great threat for the health of his/her father, eliminating from this fact any chance of a re-establishment. In 1812, the probability of an improvement of the health of the king moved away. The prince of Wales did not call upon Whigs. On the contrary, he asked the liberals to join the Perceval ministry. Whigs refused any co-operation with Tories because of the problem of the emancipation of the catholics which opposed them. Unwillingly, the prince of Wales preserved Spencer Perceval at the post of Prime Minister.

When the May 10th 1812, Spencer Perceval was assassinated by John Bellingham, the prince regent Régent maintained all the members of the Perceval ministry but placed them under the direction of a new chief. The House of Commons claimed a “strong and effective administration”. the prince of Wales offered the control of the Irish government to Richard Wellesley, Ier marquis de Wellesley, then with Francis Rawdon-Hastings 2nd count de Moira. The two attempts were a failure, however, the prince of Wales forced each of the two parties to build a ministry biparti at the time when neither one nor the other wished to share the capacities. Probably, the prince of Wales benefitted from the failure of the two pars to position back the Perceval ministry with Robert Jenkinson, 2nd count Liverpool at the post of Prime Minister.

Tories, unlike Whigs such as Charles Grey, 2nd count Grey led a war without thank you to Napoleon i. The union of the Prussia, of the Austria, the the United Kingdom and various small States contributed to the abdication of Napoleon i the April 6th 1814. Since 1774, the English sovereign reigned on the Great Britain and the Hanover, with the Congress of Vienna, it was decided that the electorate of Hanover would be high with the row of kingdom. Of return of the isle of Elba, Napoleon i was overcome with Waterloo the June 18th 1815 by Arthur Wellesley de Wellington, brother of Richard Cowley Wellesley, 1st marquis de Wellesley. Moreover, the war which opposed since 1812 the United Kingdom to the the United States ended in 1814 without a notable result.

For this period of Regency, the prince of Wales were interested in the mode and with arts, Beau Brummel and the architect John Nash created the Regency style. The prince regent Régent impassioned himself for the thermal spas, it bought the house of Brighton which it made transform into fantastic palate by John Nash, this one took for model the “Indian Gothic” inspired of the Taj Mahal. The interior of the house is Indian” and “Chinese” extravagant style “.

The reign

In 1820, the prince of Wales went up on the throne, Georges IV preserved the capacities which it held at the time of his regency. Before his accession with the throne, Georges IV was already an obese man and probalement poisoned with the Laudanum.

The relations between Georges IV and his Caroline wife of Brunswick were already deteriorated before its accession with the throne. They separately lived since 1796. Georges IV refused to grant to Caroline de Brusnswick the statute of queen, it asked to the British ambassadors that the sovereigns of the Courses European consider it in the same way. On order of Georges IV, the name of Caroline was omitted in the liturgy of the Church Anglican. The king tried to divorce, but its advisers indicated to him that all steps in this direction could imply the publication of details proving its adulterous relation with Marie Anne Fitzherbert. Georges IV decided to exclude Caroline from Brunswick of his crowning to the abbey of Westminster, the July 19th 1821. Caroline of Brunswick fell sick and died the August 7th 1821. At the end of its disease, she often declared that she thought of being poisoned.

The meal of the festival of crowning was held with the residence of Westminster the July 19th 1821.

In 1821, Georges IV was the first British sovereign since Richard II of England to be gone to Ireland for a visit of State. In 1822, it visited Edinburgh, the visit of the Scotland was organized by Walter Scott, Georges IV was the first monarch since Charles Ier of England (1633) pressed the Scottish ground.

Georges IV lived the major part of his reign to the Château of Windsor, but it continued to be involved in the political matters. The beginning, one accepted that it would give its support for the emancipation of the roman catholics. In 1797, it presented a law of emancipation of the Irish catholics, but its sights anti-catholics became clear dice 1813. In 1824, it denounced the emancipation of the catholics as a public. Its argument was this one: After having pronounced the oath during its crowning to protect the Protestant religion in its kingdom it could not support any pro-catholics measurement. The influence of the British Crown was so strong, the will of Tories under Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd count de Liverpool so large that the emancipation of the catholics seemed desperate. In 1827, Robert Banks Jenkinson was withdrawn, it was replaced the April 12th 1827 per Georges Canning who preached the emancipation of the roman catholics. The ideas of George Canning on the catholic question were not received by Tories most preserving such as Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington. Consequently, the ministry was in the obligation to include Whigs. Georges Canning died the August 8th 1827 leaving the care to Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich to carry out the Tories-Whigs coalition. Lord Frederick John Robinson Goderich left his functions in 1828, it was replaced by Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington which, at that time had accepted the denial of assistance to the roman catholics, this policy became indefensible. With great difficulties, the January 29th 1829, Wellington obtained the assent of Georges IV concerning the introduction of the law of the emancipation of the roman catholics. Under the pressure of his younger brother, Ernest-Auguste, duke of Cumberland, (future Ernest-Auguste Ier of Hanover) Georges IV withdrew his approval. While protesting, the cabinet resigned in mass the March 4th 1829. The April 13rd 1829, finally Georges IV granted his assent to the law of assistance to the catholics.

The alcohol and the lifestyle of Georges IV were harmful with his health. Its taste for the rich and copious meals and alcohol caused an important ponderal overload. At the time of its rare exits, it was risée of the public. It was reached of Goutte, Artériosclérose, Cataracte and probably of Porphyrie; there remained whole days confined to bed, suffering of dypsnées he was with half-asphyxiated.

Died of Georges IV

Georges IV died the June 26th 1830 with the castle of Windsor; while saying: “Good god, that be-this? ” it has étreint the hand of its page and known as: “my boy, this is death”.

He was buried in the Saint-Georges vault with the castle of Windsor.

Georges IV belonged to the Maison of Hanover resulting from the Maison of Brunswick (Brunswick-Luneburg), itself resulting from the Maison of Este, downward of the dukes of Toscane.

Internal bonds

  • Georges II of Great Britain (paternal grandfather)

External bonds and sources

en.wikipedia.org

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