In Linguistique, the genitive is initially the Cas Possessive phrase expressing the owner (still that in certain languages, like Finnish, the possession is expressed by means of the Adessif). It can be formed by changing the termination of the name owner (as in Latin), by adding a letter at the end of this name (as in English), by modifying the definite article (as in German) or by using a preposition which marks the possession (as in French).
It also can, as in the Slavic languages, for example, to take a direction of Partitif (p.ex.: питьстакaнводы, drinking water glass). That comes owing to the fact that the numbers function (or functioned at one time) like names (cf " a dozen œufs").
Latin
In Latin, the genitive is located in a sentence by raising the question: of what? (example: Paris is the capital of France, Paris caput francae is )
German
The German genitive can be placed after or antéposé, i.e. placed after or before the name to which it is referred. In this last case, it then replaces the definite article, and one speaks about Saxon genitive ).
“Ordinary” genitive
The strong mark of the genitive is - (E) S with the masculine and the neutral, and - (E) R with female and.
The definite article in the genitive is:
- de' with the masculine and the neutral;
- de' r' with female and.
- (K) ein' es' with the masculine and the neutral;
- (K) ein' er' with the female one; kein' er' in the plural.
The genitive is also marked on the substantive with the masculine and the neutral:
- for the substantives with strong variation, by the ending - (E) S : der Vater, das Kind makes de' Vater' , de' Kind' es' ;
- for the substantives with weak variation, by the usual ending - (E) : der Prinz, der Herr make de' Prinz' en' , de' Herr' ;
- for the substantives with mixed variation, by the ending - (E) NS : der Name, das Herz makes de' Name' ns' , de' Herz' ens' .
In a nominal group with the genitive, as with the other cases, the adjective takes the weak mark in the presence of the article (which with the genitive is always marked). On the other hand, contrary to the other cases, it takes the strong mark in the absence of article only when the substantive does not carry the mark: thus, one will say gut' er' Gesellschaft (of good company) but gut' en' Geschmack' (of good taste).
These rules know certain exceptions:
- certain names finishing by - S (in particular masculines ending in ismus ) are invariable with the singular genitive: der Kapitalismus, der Kommunismus, der Kolonialismus make of Kapitalismus, Kommunismus, Kolonialismus ;
- the proper names do not take the mark - (E) S when they are preceded by the definite article; they take it on the other hand if they are employed without article. For example, the French history will say Die Geschichte Frankreich' S
Saxon Genitive
It is formed in a way similar to the ordinary genitive for the common nouns or the proper names employed with the article. For the proper names employed without article, it is formed, with all the kinds (even with female), by the addition of a - (E) S .
It is antéposé and replaces the article (definite) name which it determines.
Very much used in poetic language, it gets busy more in current language only for the proper names without article.
In addition, for these names, genitive formed by the addition of the mark - (E) S also can, contrary to English for example, placed after being. Thus the expression: the dog of Anne can be said: - Annas Hund : Saxon genitive ( cf . in English " Ann' S dog" ; NB : in German not of apostrophe before the S), to note the absence of definite article in front of the given name; - or der Hund Annas .
Basque
The possession is marked by the suffix " - ko" who is added to the radical of the name. But there exists also a space-time genitive which is to him an adverbial phrase of place and time.
Breton
Since the word is supplemented by a definite complement (here the girl), the principal word is then regarded as sufficiently definite and loses its own article.
N1: rear it hi (the dog) (with change after the article) N2: rear verc' H (the girl).
N1 + N2 = rear Ki verc' H (the dog of the girl) (the word supplemented " Ki" lost its article and consequently its change k/c' H) it is about a relatively delicate problem that this possessive phrase into Breton, each time should be appreciated indeed the nature of the complement (definite or indefinite).
When it is said that the complement of the name is defined and that leaving the supplemented name its article loses, it is necessary to specify that the complement of the name is regarded as sufficiently definite if it is preceded by an indefinite article: N1: rear it hi (the dog). N2: ur verc' H (a girl) (either in theory a word indefinite but considered as sufficiently definite for the present rule) N1 + N2 = Ki ur verc' H (the dog of a girl).
On the other hand in the example according to the complement of the name is true indefinite and thus the supplemented name will keep its article. N1: year tamm (the piece) N2: will bara (bread) N1+ N2: year tamm will bara (the piece of bread).
Latvian
In the first two variations of the female singular, gerund is marked by the suffixation of personal (in or E has) with a S and is similar to personal in 3rd. For plural, one adds a U to the root of the mot.
- mās ace māja (of the sister), mās U māja (the house of the sisters)
- zīl are sparns (the wing of the titmouse), zīl U sparns (the wing of the titmouses)
- gov S kāja (the leg of the cow), gov U kāja (the leg of the cows)
In the two first of the singular masculine, one adds has with the root of the name, the third unchanged remainder. For plural, one adds U to the root of the name.
- gald has kāja (the foot of the table), gald U kāja (the foot of the tables)
- gulb has sparns (the wing of the swan), gulb U sparns (the wing of the swans)
- tirgus custom galds (the table of the market), tirg U galds (the table of the markets) le plural of this variation is not really possible even if there exists because it gathers the unquantifiable ones (the ice, honey, the beer…)
Slovenien
The possession is not marked by the genitive but by a suffixation of the Nominatif.
Russian
In addition to its usual employment, the Russian genitive is used in a sometimes curious way (for a French-speaking person):
- Он - дома. ( It is at the house. Он = personal).
- Его доманет. ( It is not at the house . Его = genitive, word for word: of him at the house not ).
Examples
German: der Hund of the Mädchen' To also note the Saxon genitive , nowadays antiquated or poetic except for the proper names, who replaces the article of the given name: of Mädchens Hund Breton: " ki rear verc' h" " ki ur verc'h" Latin: canis puell' æ Slovenien: punc in' pes Basque: herri' ko' etxea Finnish: tytö N will koira Russian: собакадевочк и
See too
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