Genetic Engineering

The genetic engineering is a whole of technical, resulting from the Biotechnologie, having for object the modification of the Génotype S, and thus of the Phénotype S, by Transgenèse. This handling makes it possible the cells usherettes to acquire new properties coming from a different species. it consists in transferring a gene from a species to another.

Stages essential to the transfers of genes

Whatever the sought purpose, the transfer of a gene requires three great stages:

the recombination : to recombine in vitro DNA coming from different cells one uses enzymes (for example enzymes of restriction, DNA-ligase, transciptase opposite…) who allow to graft segments DNA of a cell " donneuse" in a plasmide
for cloner the gene , i.e. to insulate it and multiply it: one introduces the plasmide recombined into a bacterium which one cultivates. The bacterial clone having incorporated and having multiplied required gene is identified using a molecular probe.
for to make express this gene : in the host cell, it is necessary to associate to him certain sequences of DNA, essential to its transcription in ARN messenger.

Possibilities of the genetic engineering

What the genetic engineering can do:

to detect and isolate from genes in genetic inheritance
to make pass a gene of an organization to another
to reproduce out of test-tube certain segments of the genetic material
to modify genes targeted
to still discover new genes

What it cannot do:

to create the life from nothing
to envisage exactly what will occur in the new organization

Objective of the creation of genetically modified organizations

These objectives are given with an example of realization or tracks of research:

production of " médicament" : bacterium producing of human insulin, the human growth hormone.
improvement of food: inactivation of gene coding a protein of rice responsible for allergies.
obtaining " nodèle animaux" for the study of disease human: rabbits transgenic allowing to study the mechanisms of the athérosclérose, the infection by the HIV, the mucoviscidose…
realization of Clerc's Offices of bodies of animals at the men (" xénogreffes") : human genes transferred to pigs to return their bodies (heart, kidneys) transplantable at the man (because protected from the immunizing mechanism of acute rejection).

Regulation

Before any marketing or of a use, certain steps must be respected:

It must have imperatively there an authorization of the Minister in charge for agriculture after evaluation of the health risks and the environment by the Commission of the Biomolecular Genius (CGB) and an agreement must be delivered by the Minister in charge for the environment.

the public must also be informed on the source of the GMO, consumers like users. Cards of information are available in Town hall.

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