General union of the Jewish workers

The General union of the Jewish workers of Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Yiddish: Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln Rusland, אַלגמײַנערײדישעראַרבײטערסבונדאיןליטאַ, פויליןאוןרוסלאַנד, Russian ВсеобщийеврейскийрабочийсоюзвЛитве, ПольшеиРоссии), generally known under the abbreviation Bund (בונד, Бунд)), socialist independentist Juif created at the end of the is a movement XIXe century in the Empire of Russia. Bund always was opposed to the Zionism and fought for the emancipation of the Jewish workers within the framework of a more general combat for the Socialisme. Bund was also opposed to the centralist and dictatorial tendencies of the Russian Bolcheviks. Its organizations took share with the civil war at the sides of the Bolsheviks. Part of the militants bundists adopted the party Communiste. The other organizations bundists were prohibited in Soviet Union in 1928 following the arrival of Stalin to the capacity.

Bund exists still formally with the XXIe century as a Jewish Labor Bund , organization associated with the Internationale Socialist, but the Shoah destroyed the populations in which it was enraciné and only sections remain in Diaspora (the United States, Canada, Australia). Bund took part in the local elections and members of Parliament in the inter-war period in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, like with the Polish Gouvernement in exile with London during the Second world war.

Bund under the Second Polish republic (1918 - 1939)

The co-operation with the Polish Socialist party (PS, left Nationalist) was difficult because of the Antisémitisme very anchored among many Polish voters. The PS feared to be label like a " party judéophile" by the propaganda of the endeks (Left national democratic, right Anti-semite) and thus deferred for a long time the organisational co-operation with Bund. On its side, Józef Piłsudski (1867 - 1935), one of the founders of the PS which became the first President (1920 - 1922) of the independent Poland become again, then its dictator of 1926 with 1935, adopted an attitude clearly hostile with all Antisémitisme and favorable to a Nationalisme Polish inclusive, not Raciste. It is under its impulse, in order to assimilate the Jews politically and to compete with Bund, that a Jewish section of the PS was installation in 1901.

At the time of the last municipal elections before the Occupation of Poland by the Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939, Bund became most important of the Jewish parties. In January 1939, 17 of the 20 Jewish elected officials to the Municipal council of Warsaw were bundists, 11 out of 17 with Łódź. A beginning of co-operation between Bund and the PS was in addition for the first time set up, without joint lists but with reciprocal calls of vote for the other list where only one of the two left parties was presented. This alliance made possible a victory of the left in the majority of the big cities: Warsaw, Łódź, Lwów (at the time Polish), Piotrkow, Cracow, Białystok, Grodno, Vilnius (Wilno at the time Polish), etc…

Bund however was never represented with the Parlement Polish (Sejm) where the other Jewish parties (Sionistes, orthodoxe of Agoudat Israel or Libéraux Laïcs of the Folkspartei), however obtained seats is while cooperating with parties of other minorities (Ukrainian, Belorusse, Lituaniens, German) or by forming Jewish Cartels. After its municipal successes in December 1938 and January 1939, Bund hoped to transform the test with the Législatives scheduled for September, but Poland was occupied on September 1st 1939 in accordance with the Pacte Molotov-Ribbentrop.

The invasion of Poland by Germany was followed by the entry of the Soviet armies to Eastern Poland in accordance with the provisions of the Pacte germano-Soviet. A certain number of leaders and structures of Bund found in the territories annexed by the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities authorize Bund. After the invasion Nazi E, the bundists played a big role in the resistance armed with the Jewish populations against the occupation Nazi in these areas. The activity of Bund was however slowed down by Stalinist repression. In full war, Stalin ordered the execution of two of the principal leaders of Bund. Wiktor Alter and Henryk Erlich was shot with Moscow in December 1941 under the cynical and untrue charge to be agents of the Nazi Germany.

A representative of Bund, Samuel Zygelbojm, sat within the Polish government in exile with London during the Second world war and militants of this party, whose Marek Edelman, played a big role in the insurrection of the Ghetto of Warsaw.

After the war, Bund took part in the last legislative elections of 1947 on a joint list with the PS and then obtained the only seat of deputy of its history in Poland, as well as seats in municipal councils, for autodissoudre " volontairement" two years later, under the communist Dictatorship.

See too

History of the Jews in Poland

External bonds

a revolutionary Jewish movement: Bund
S. Zoberman, origins of Bund
John Bunzl, Bund and Zionism (also here: http://cnt-ait.info/article.php3?id_article=322)
in The Last Letter from the Bund Representative with the Polish National Council in Exiles (May 11,1943)
in The Bund Archive in RGASPI available in microfiche
in Finding Aid to '' The Bund Archive in RGASPI '' (in English and Russian)
in Coils and In Struggle: Musical The Legacy off the Jewish Labor Bund
in Sholem Aleichem College, Melbourne, seems to be the last school bundist in the world
the Bundist Voice

Indicative bibliography

Bund

French

Daniel Blatman, Our freedom and Yours - the Labor movement Jewish Bund in Poland, 1939-1949, 2002, ISBN 2204069817 (recension)
Alain Brossat, revolutionary Yiddishland, Paris, Balland, 1983 ISBN 2715804334
Vladimir Medem, My life, Paris, Champion, 1969 (memories of old directing of Bund)
Henri Minczeles, " The resistance of Bund in France during the occupation" , Le Monde Jew 51:154 (1995): 138-53
Henri Minczeles, general History of Bund, a Jewish revolutionary movement , Denoël Editions, Paris, 1999, ISBN 2207248208
Claudie Weill, cosmopolitans - Socialism and judeity in Russia (1897-1917), Paris, Syllpse Editions, Collection " Utopia critique" , févr. 2004, ISBN 2847970800 (presentation and contents)
Enzo Traverso, Of Brace with Marx - Marxists and the Jewish question, Paris, Kimé, 1997
Union progressist of the Jews of Belgium, 100e birthday of Bund. Acts of the Conference, Minorities, Democracy, Diasporas, Brussels, UPJB, 1997, ISSN 0770-5476
Nathan Weinstock, bread of misery, History of the Jewish labor movement in Europe - Russian empire until 1914 , Paris, the Discovery, 2002, (volume I) ISBN 270713810X
Nathan Weinstock, bread of misery, History of the Jewish labor movement in Europe - the Central and Western Europe until 1945 , Paris, the Discovery, (volume II) ISBN 2707138118

film: Nat Lilenstein (réal.), revolutionists of Yiddishland, 1983, Kuiv productions & A2 (recension)

other languages

J. Frankel, Jewish politics and the Russian Revolution off 1905, Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv University, 1982
Jack To ballast Jacobs (ED.), Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Bund At 100, Zydowski Instytut Historyczny--Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy, New York, New York University Close, may 2001, ISBN 0814742580
Bernard K. Johnpoll, The politics off futility. General The Jewish Workers Bund off Poland, 1917-1943, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Near, 1967
NR. Levin, While Messiah tarried: Jewish socialist movements, 1871-1917, New York, Schocken Books, 1977
NR. Levin, Jewish socialist movements, 1871-1917: while Messiah tarried, London, Routledge & K. Paul (Distributed by Oxford University Near), 1978
Y. Peled, Class and ethnicity in the blade: the political economy off Jewish workers' nationalism in late Imperial Russia, New York, St Martin' S Near, 1989
Gertrud Pickhan, " Gegen den Strom". Der Allgemeine Jüdische Arbeiterbund, " Bund" in Pollen, 1918-1939, Stuttgart/Munich, DVA, 2001,445 p. (Schriftenreihe of the Simon-Dubnow-Institutes, Leipzig), ISBN 3421054770 (French recension)
Antony Polonsky, " The Bund in Polish Political Life, 1935-1939" , in: Ezra Mendelsohn (ED.), Essential Papers one Jews and the Left, New York, New York University Near, 1997
C. Belazel Sherman, Bund, Galuth nationalism, Yiddishism, Herzl Institute Lampoon no.6, New York, 1958, ASIN B0006AVR6U
Henry Tobias, The origins and evolution off the Jewish Bund until 1901, Ass Arbor (Michigan), University Microfilms, 1958
Henry Tobias, The Jewish Bund in Russia from Its Origins to 1905, Stanford, Stanford University Near, 1972
Enzo Traverso, From Moses to Marx - The Marxists and the Jewish question: History off has debate 1843-1943, New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1996 (review)
A.K. Wildman, Russian and social Jewish democracy, Bloomington, Indiana University Near, 1973

Jews under the Second Polish Republic

Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky, The Jews in Poland, Basil Blackwell, 1986, ISBN 0631165827
Yisrael Gutman, Ezra Mendelsohn, Jehuda Reinharz and Chone Shmeruk (eds), The Jews off Poland between two World wars, University Close off New England (published for Brandeis University Near), Hanover - London, 1989, ISBN 0874514460
Celia S. Heller, One the edge off destruction. Jews off Poland between the two World Wars, Columbia University Near, New York, 1977, ISBN 0231038194
Joseph Marcus, Social and political history off the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939, Publishers Sheep, Berlin New York - Amsterdam, 1983, ISBN 9027932395

Be-X-old: Бунд

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