Gatling
The Gatling was the first Mitrailleuse effective combining reliability, Firepower and facilitated food. It was conceived by the American inventor Richard Gatling in 1861 in order to draw automatically.
The principle of operation rests on several units each one made up of a gun integrating a room and a mechanism of percussion. During the shooting one of the operations necessary (loading, locking, percussion then extraction and ejection of the case or casing) is thus constantly in hand on one of them.
The Design of Gatling benefitted from the case S in Laiton because could not function with their elder out of paper. A Manivelle prints a rotation movement with ten units assembled around a central axis, so that each one draws successively thanks to a system of cam S which opens and firm the cylinder heads. The loading was obtained by gravity, the ammunition falling since the charger placed above the weapon. The rate of shooting per minute reached 1200 blows but a useful shooting seldom exceeded 400. The Caliber went from 11 to 25,5mm. It was been useful by four operators.
The concept was out-of-date when the energy source necessary to the loading became the power of the carbonization gases by the explosion of the load during the shooting, principle employed by the Maxim. The machine-guns did not employ consequently generally more that only one gun and did not require any more a mechanical energy source.
The principle conceived and developped at the point by Gatling offers however average to effectively parallel the mechanical operations necessary (loading, percussion, extraction, ejection) and leaves rooms and guns to better cool, therefore reached raised rates of fire, without common measurement with the weapons with only one gun. This is why it is used nowadays, in particular in the aviation of combat where the particularly short crenels make of important a Cadence of shooting a pledge of effectiveness. Most famous is undoubtedly GAU-8 Avenger with seven guns of the A-10. But it is also employed by weapons equipping certain combat helicopters or by anti-aircraft systems. These machine-guns and guns of the Western Gatling type are generally pulled by an external energy source. Their rate is, if necessary, adjustable on site and they are insensitive with the defective cartridges because they do not employ the energy of gases and thus eject them automatically.
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