Gardening

Definitions

The gardening is art and the practice to maintain the Jardin S and to maintain the Végétaux which are planted there under ideal conditions for their development.

The practice of the gardening consists in cultivating in a place, generally closed and outside, plants; Fleur S out of pots or in Floor S, Trees and Shrub S of approval, Vegetable S with the Pot , fruit trees in the Orchard and other plants such as for example of the plants Condiment medicinal surfaces or . The practice of the gardening meets on the one hand a need for esthetics and on the other hand a need for the food of which the economic goal remains secondary.

One can note that if the general concepts of gardening are the same ones everywhere, it exists differences in art and the manner of practicing the gardening which are dependant on the Climat and the ground and of the place in which one is, like with the various traditions and resources of the Jardinier S amateurs or professionals.

History of the gardening

The term “garden”, attested at the 12th century, seems to come from the latino-Germanic compound hortus gardinus , which literally means “garden surrounded by a fence”, Latin hortus , garden and Francique gart or gardo , “fence”. How what the garden was to be defended against the cattle and perhaps also the robbers!

The term “gardening” exists him as of the end of the 13th century (it indicated the whole of the gardens then). But it acquires its noble letters with famous the treated published for the first time in 1709 and entitled Théorie and practical of the gardening due to Dezallier d' Argenville, lawyer and secretary of the King, but especially large amateur of gardens. It makes the synthesis of knowledge of the “Great century” at the same time for the Art of the gardens and for the horticultural Techniques. One should not forget however the agronomist Olivier de Serres who writes in 1599 the Theater of Agriculture and Mesnage of the Fields (...) in which all is represented that is necessary and necessary to draw up well, manage, enrich and embellish the Rustic Firm . It of course acts more than one agricultural handbook intended for the manager of a rural field (the field of Pradel which has O. Greenhouses covers 150 ha) and where, of course, the economic purpose precedes the esthetic concern and the leisure, but the work comprises a chapter entitled “OF the GARDENING” which is subtitle as follows: “To have Grasses and Fruicts Kitchen gardens: odorous Grasses and Flowers: medicinal Herbs: of Fruicts of the Trees: of Safran, Flax, Hemp, of Guesde, Garance, Thistle-with-cloths, of Rozeaux: in continuation, Manner of in general making the Partitions for the conservation of Fruicts”.

The gardening term thus gets busy especially for the activity of leisure and subsistence farming practiced by the private individuals while the term Horticulture indicates the community activity which aims at producing fruits, flowers and vegetables like various other crop products. Its principal branches are: the Truck farming for vegetables, the Arboriculture for the fruits, the Floriculture for the flowers and the Seedbed for the trees and shrubs decorative. It can despite everything be used for activities with lucrative goal, if the production is of low importance, for example when a farmer sells on line on a market. Become marginal in France, or characteristic of an agriculture of leisure which concerns elderly, reprocessed of agriculture or rural doubles active, this situation is current in other countries where the markets continue to be supplied with small producers comparable to “gardeners”. One will refer in particular to the articles concerning the Histoire of the gardening in the various continents (see low).

The difference between the gardening and the Agriculture or the Horticulture is thus primarily a difference in scale and means: the gardening can be a Loisir or with more providing one complement of income, whereas agriculture or the horticulture fits in the long economic channels, concern moreover large surfaces and quantities and practices often quite different. The gardening requires often more Labor and uses few Capital and average mechanics, typically some tools, such as the shovel, the Râteau, the Panier, the Arrosoir, the Brouette. In comparison, agriculture more often calls upon chemical tractors, reaping-machines, fertilizer S, systems of Irrigation, etc

The gardening is also generally associated with the maintenance of a garden, and less with its creation alone. One speaks about Paysagisme or architecture of garden, when it is a question of art of thinking and of creating a garden. The term did not exist at the time of Ours, not more than that of “Paysagiste”, and than one used that of “jardinism”. A certain number of contemporary landscape designers prefer the term “gardener-landscape designer” with that of “architect-landscape designer”. Most famous of between-them is Gilles Clément, the author of the planetary Jardin. That indicates obviously a certain philosophy of the report/ratio to nature, respect of its rates/rhythms and economy of the means, energies and resources which characterizes the gardening: isn't the gardener that which endorses the currency “ Semper feasted slow ”, Hâte you slowly…?

Contrary, these Sirs of agriculture, as those of public works will prefer to say proudly “that they do not make gardening”!

Tools of the gardener

Ancestral tools

(with human energy) (hoe).

Modern tools

(with fossil energy, gasoline and other)
  • Mower tractor drawn or not, Tractor and Micro tractor, Spray, Cultivator, Slicer, treedozer, strawberry, motofaucheuse with section.

Social aspects and policies

Since the birth-even of the gardening, which one could date in the neighborhoods from the first signs from sedentarisation from the men if one allowed the goals economic to precede in the gardening, but which we will prefer to evaluate here in the neighborhoods of the birth of the ancient Egypt, it had a connotation political and social. The selected Datation can be explained by the fact why the birth of this culture and the gardening require both the same factor: a growth of prosperity. This makes it possible to use ground, time and techniques agricultural more for reasons of esthetics and approval that others. It is as from this moment that one can speak about gardening itself. The gardening thus initially made it possible some to show their prosperity. That shows that the gardening always had a certain direction socio-policy.

That did nothing but increase with time. Sometimes in Europe and North America, people let appear their political opinions or social in their Jardin, in an intentional way or not. For example, the political message of the left ecologists or some ONG such as GreenPeace advises the wild gardens rather, preferably with the beautiful quite green lawns.

In France, the pleasure garden and the garden-kitchen garden seem to correspond each one to their own sociocultural groups. Many farmers and many workmen tend to reserve a space of their garden to the kitchen garden whereas certain frameworks and other leaders do not hesitate to devote 100% of surface to the pleasure garden. In the same way, gourmets and " écologistes" will have in heart to cultivate their own vegetables in their kitchen gardens whereas certain people will even reject the idea to let push only one vegetable in their gardens.

The gardening gets to the gardener various joys. Pleasure of benefitting from the result of its work: a pleasant lawn, a floor Net, an elegant shrub, good vegetables, etc That to work of natural materials: ground, wood, the grass, seeds, flowers and water. That to imagine and carry out the harmony of a landscape. That to make physical exercise in the open air. And finally that to lead step by step nature towards a result desired like a stockbreeder or an adjuster of animals carries out step by step its raising to lead his/her companions to act as harmony with him.

Like all the human activities in the Western companies, the gardening does not escape some Marchandisation and a whole economic activity developed around this practice. At the origin ensured by the graineteries, the marketing of the seedlings and seeds are ensured more and more by garden-centers which accompany it by an offer of accessories and various pesticides and which forms part maintaining of the landscape of the retail parks of the Big cities. Nursery gardeners and companies of maintenance of green areas supplement the offer of service accessible to the private individual.

To democratize the access to a garden

Although one can admit that in general the gardening always and everywhere was with the range of the higher social classes, one cannot however say as much the remainder of the company of it. As prosperity grows, the misfits of the gardening started to assert this right. In Europe, one can say that the provision by public ground the State for gardening started in England for the period victorienne. The situations that this kind of experiments (whose collective farm Soviet also) caused, fed from the theories like those of the superiority of the Capitalisme and the Tragédie of the commun runs.

Thus, the gardening would not be only source essential of food and pleasure, but also a right.

Today, and in Europe in particular, following the lack more and more crescent of virgin grounds, particularly in and in the neighborhood them cities, to garden became a luxury more and more. However it can still bring additional incomes to the less favoured people, while supporting the use of the intermediate technologies (especially the biological Jardinage). Community gardens which offer access to the gardening to the townsmen (see urban Jardinage) thus were born, as well as Community ideas of gardens being able to feed up to 100 éco-village ois.

In certain countries, other movements were born, such as Slow Food, which propose for example the installation of food gardens in the school S.

The biodiversity

Following the devastations that the post-industrial era subjects nature, the ecological political movement and its derivatives had an influence on the gardening (just like on architecture and the life in general) by integrating the safeguarding of the Biodiversité. Thus were born the wild gardens (or natural gardens) where the vegetables, the decorative plants and the fruits are cultivated together with native species. The cultivated species are then included in a kind of ecology natural preexistent, nondisturbed, but on the contrary profiting from the process of gardening. As in other forms of gardening, esthetics plays a central role while deciding what is “correct” but other constraints apply. The wild gardens are by definition of the examples of gardening managing the water resources correctly, since the natural species present in a écorégion or a Microclimat are those adapted to the local resources.

The Lawn rather than the Jardin is an important point in City planning, in this which it amounts establishing the right to the existence of the wild Nature, rather than dominated nature. For some, the right to accept in the gardens all species, even those harmful or allergenic would return to a Droit of expression.

Waste processing

In some éco-constructions, which manage themselves them Eau and their Déchet S, of the roof-gardens was created. This principle is very close to that of an alive machine, which rests on: In the major part of the world, this type of gardening is practiced, in spite of the existence of health hazards when modern technologies and methods are not used. A method making it possible to avoid these risks is for example that of the dry Toilette.

In China, for example, the farmers set up external toilets on the roads to support their use by the tourist S, in order to provide itself in organic matters. These methods allow the use of calories, water and minerals, but violent one the esthetic and medical considerations of the majority of the Westerners, who would not agree to use human Fécès in their gardens or for the food of the Bétail. Thus, there exist conflicts between the gardening for personal reasons or esthetics and practical reasons of production of food, even within a family.

The Mur vegetalized is an unusual variation of a alive Machine and constitutes in the facts a vertical garden : water runs out on a surface on which foam or other plants develops, some Insecte S and Bactérie S and is collected in bottom of the wall in a Mare from where it is reinjected in top of the wall. This type of garden is sometimes built inside the dwellings to help to reduce the stress of the life in urban area or to increase the contents of oxygen in the recycled atmosphere. Others gardens of interior belong to the systems of heating or Air conditioning. The alive wall belongs to what one names urban Jardinage.

Cultural and historical aspects

The Art of the gardening is regarded as an absolutely essential art in the majority of the cultures. He knew different evolutions by continent and often even by country. From there our desire to index them:

  • Gardening in Europe: ancient gardens with the roof-gardens of the 21e century…
  • Gardening in Asia: Bonsai with the stone Zen gardens…
  • Gardening in North America: gardens of the first colonists to that of the White House…
  • Gardening in South America: patios of the Spanish colonists to the modernistic gardens…
  • Gardening in Africa: first Egyptian gardens with the Senegalese kitchen garden shaved by the bombs…
  • contemporary Gardening: evolution of the gardening during the last years analyzes.

One notices nevertheless two parallel evolutions quite distinct from the gardening, from which the principal landscape styles rose. Certain cultures developed a very symmetrical and rectilinear gardening, others a very spontaneous and inordonné gardening. This dissociation is explained easily by the history of the gardening, which is born mainly in two places: in Ancient Egypt and China. It is the enormous climatic difference between these two regions which caused the two currents. The arid conditions of the north of Africa pushed the Egyptians “to arrange” their plantations, in order to facilitate the irrigation of it. A contrario , the lenient climate of China and its vegetable luxuriance inspired a gardening much more nonchalant with its inhabitants. The Greeks imported then the rectilinear gardening into Europe, while at the same time the gardening with Chinese imposed itself in Asia.

Technical sides

In the following categories all the knowledge is classified which can help with the gardening. The articles which one finds in this heading want most general possible. All that is technical specific of gardening (gardening biological, lunar, etc) finds generally and preferably in the two categories above.

Economic aspects

Thanks to the reduction of the working time and increase in the time of leisure, the number of gardener amateur grew so much, that the economic sector of the gardening exploded. The stores (of specialized large surfaces, in particular) were assembled, or were increased. The market is considerable.

Sets of themes

  • Plants for floors.
  • watery Plants: plants which one finds in marsh, ponds and lakes.
  • Vegetables: Vegetable S, Fruit S, aromatic and culinary herbs used frequently in the kitchen gardens.
  • medicinal Plants: plants since always cultivated in gardens with medicinal goal.
  • aromatic Plants: crop plants for their odor and used in Kitchen or Perfumery.
  • Tree S: trees, as well leafy as coniferous, but not fruit-lofts.
  • Fruit trees: trees used in orchards, for the culture of their fruits.
  • Bonsai: small plants obtained starting from trees or from shrubs " normaux".

Data sheets

  • Tools for gardening: The history, tools besides. To take as tool also the Weeding S, Pesticide S and Manure.
  • various parts of a garden: The Lawn, the decorative pond, the Floor, the Pot , the Orchard, the Terrace, etc
  • various types of gardens: The Pleasure garden, the medicinal Garden, the Botanical garden, Harmful etc
  • of the garden
  • Permaculture

See too

  • Landscape
  • decorative Plants
  • Graminaceous decorative

External bonds

  • Fair with the easy ways Of the hundreds of easy ways for the gardening, do-it-yourself, the house…
  • List of the National Botanical Academies: protection of the wild flora
  • To learn how to recognize the plants - Data sheets, photographs, plays.
  • Idee-astuce.com - ideas and easy ways on the gardening
  • Newspaper of the garden

Simple: Gardening

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