Galjoen

This page relates to the year 1931 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

  • July 20th: Conference of London on the monetary and financial situation international.

Europe

  • April 19th: Government of national union of Nicolae Iorga in Romania (fine in 1932).
  • June 6th: The Germany is declared unable to pay repairs.
  • June 20th: Hoover moratorium which proposes a one year adjournment for the war debts and repairs.
  • August 24th: Departure of István Bethlen in Hungary, whereas the country is victim of the world economic crisis. The count Gyula Károlyi becomes Prime Minister of Hungary (end in October 1932).
  • August 31st - September 27th: Incident of Corfou between the Italy and the Greece.
  • September 3rd: Alexandre Ier of Yugoslavia proclaims the end of the dictatorship and promulgates the new Constitution. Continuous royal dictatorship. A majority of the groups of opposition boycotts the parliamentary elections which follow. Some are radicalized.
  • December 14th: Foundation of the party of extreme right-hand side Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB) with the Netherlands.

France

See also: 1931 in France

Spain

  • April 12th: The left triumphs with the municipal elections, with the general surprise. The king is repudiated. The government gives up the capacity.
  • April 14th: The republic is proclaimed and the revolutionary committee becomes the provisional government. Moderate the Alcalá Zamora inaugurates the reforming bienio. The king Alphonse XIII of Spain leaves the Spain for the exile, but he does not abdicate.
  • June 15th: The Segura cardinal-primacy, who decided for the return of the throne on May 1st is expelled.
  • June 28th: Elections in the Constituent Cortes. Majority of republicans and Socialists.
  • July 31st: End of the provisional government. Alcalá Zamora form the government.
  • In October, the law of defense of the republic suspends certain constitutional freedoms.
  • October 14th: Alcalá Zamora resigns to protest against the articles of the constitution and violences popular. The intellectual of left Manuel Azaña succeeds to him.
  • November 20th: The Cortes déchoient the king Alphonse XIII of Spanish nationality, confiscate its goods and the access to the territory prohibits to him.
  • December 9th: The constitution, elaborate on the model of that of the Weimar Republic, proclaims “a democratic republic of the workers of all the classes” and institutes an absolute parliamentarism (single room elected by the vote for all). Article 3 poses the principle of the separation of the Church and the State. The schools congreganists are closed. The order of the Jésuites east dissolves. Hundred churches and convents are burnt in 1931.
  • December 11th: Niceto Alcalá Zamora is elected president of the Republic.

Italy

  • February 12th: Beginning of Radio Vatican inaugurated by the pope Black and white XI with which the first transmitter is equipped by Guglielmo Marconi, the inventor of the radio. It is the most powerful radio with short wave.
  • May 14th: The pope Pie XI condemns the seizure of the fascistic party on youth and publishes the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno on the rights of the workers.
  • May 29th: The government (Giovanni Giuriati) dissolves the nonfascistic youth organizations. ONB ( Opera Nazionale Balilla ) has the monopoly on youth. In front of the threat weighing on the catholic Action, the the Vatican takes its distances with the mode (encyclical Non abbiamo bisogno ).
  • September 2nd: Agreement of compromise between the Holy See and the fascistic government: the political activities and trade-union of the catholic Action are prohibited.
  • November 13rd: After a series of intervention aiming at thwarting the effects of the great recession, the mode institutes IMI ( Istituto Mobiliare Italiano the) charged one to help industries in distress, if necessary by acquisitions of a holding.
  • December: Achilles Starace, directs PNF. It lets the flood of adhesions inflate. The political power of the short-nap cloths is intact.

  • 41 177  000 inhabitants in Italy.

Germany

  • May: Financial and economic collapse of Germany and Austria. The bankruptcies of the Kreditanstalt of Vienna and that of the Danatbank to Berlin start a true panic. In Germany, the industrial production falls to 53% from its level from 1929. The country counts 4  744  000 unemployed in March, more than 6 million to the end of the year.

  • July 9th: Hitler meets the chief of the Parti nationalist German, Alfred Hugenberg. The two men publish a declaration according to which their two parties will work together with the inversion of the capacity in place.
  • October 10th: Hitler meets for the first time the president Hindenburg.
  • October 21st: The various organizations of extreme right-hand side constitute the Front of Harzburg with for objective cutting down the republican mode.
  • October: Second cabinet Brüning which holds its capacities of the president Hindenburg.
    • the government Brüning saves the banks of the bankruptcy by series of measure energetic: put banks in supervision to control industry, deflation, reduction of the budgetary expenditure, lowers wages, lowers general prices of 10%.
  • December: Iron face, gathering socialist, catholic, trade unions, Banner of Empire against the Communists and Nazis.

the United Kingdom

  • February 28th: Oswald Mosley leaves the workers party to found the New Party , which evolves quickly to the Fascisme.
  • August 24th: Resignation of the worker government in front of criticisms which its economic policy near its base causes. Constitution of a government of national union by the member of the Labor Party Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister for the the United Kingdom, which is excluded from the party (fine in 1935).
  • August: 2,7 million unemployed.
  • September 21st: Monetary crisis. The State is at the edge of the bankruptcy. The the United Kingdom gives up the Gold Standard and devaluates the Pound sterling of 30%. Exports find their competitiveness.
  • October 27th: Victoire of the conservatives to legislative with 473 seats.
  • December 11th: The Parliament of the the United Kingdom ratifies the legislative sovereignty of the dominions, by the fourth Statut of Westminster.

  • Foreign policy of “conciliation” ( appeasement ) practiced by the Foreign Office between 1931 and 1939.

  • the the United Kingdom account 44,8 million inhabitants. The population ages: 11,6% of more than sixty years compared with 8% before the war.
45% of the active population work in the services. 5,5 million women works.

Africa

  • Strike with UMHK with the Belgian Congo.

  • Creation of the Union of the Black Workers.
  • Famine doa-jiire (year of the Locust) with the the Sahel (1931 - 1932).
  • Ordinance on Education with the Kenya. It envisages the possibility of closing any school.
  • the share of the France in the trade of AOF and AEF triple between 1931 and 1939.

The Middle East & Arab world

  • February: Thanks to an active opinion campaign, the Zionists obtain the lifting of the restrictions on the emigration and the purchase of grounds.

  • December:

    • the Mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Amin Al-Husseini organizes with Jerusalem an Islamic Congress which joins together 145 deputy of 20 countries. The congress condemns the Sionisme, request the stop of Jewish immigration and calls some with solidarity between Christian and Moslem Arabs. Other resolutions condemn the French policy to the Morocco and the Soviet policy in Central Asia.
    • Elections in Syria. The French multiply the pressures on the voters and the electoral frauds. Part of moderated national Bloc (Jamil Mardan Bey) manages to be made elect. The remainder of the seats goes to collaborators of the French or the independent ones. Muhammad Ali Al-Abid is elected president of the Republic with supports national Block (June 11th 1932). The High-Commissioner Henri Ponsot then tries to negotiate the signature of a treaty (1931-1933).

  • Foundation with Jerusalem of the first political party panarabe, the Istiqlal , by Syria NS, Lebanon board and Palestinians and representatives of the Morocco. It founds branches in all the Arab countries. He does not recognize territorial divisions resulting from the treaties of the post-war period (the Arabs form a nation one and indivisible) and asserts the total independence of the Arab nation, of the Gulf in the Atlantic.

  • 1  033  314 inhabitants in Palestine, of which 174  606 Jewish.

Asia & India

  • March 5th: The Mahatma Gandhi sign an agreement with the Vice-roi of the Indies, Lord Irwing, envisaging the release of the political prisoners and allowing that the salt is freely used by the poorest layers of the population.

  • April 4th: Beginning of the yellow Cruising, forwarding organized by Citroen between Beirut and the China by the Silk route.
  • April 14th: The resignation of the cabinet Osachi Hamaguchi with the Japan puts an end to a shy person experiment of constitutional democracy.
  • April: Scission in the national movement in Indonesia. Those which remain faithful to the program of PNI found Partindo ( Partai Indonesia ). Sukarno joined them at its coming out of prison in 1932. Estimating that any action of mass for the moment is dedicated to the failure and that essence and to continue a work of education, Sutan Sjahrir and Doctor Mohammad Hatta create the Golongan Merdeka (independent Group), future Club Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (Club of state education indonésienne). During the same time, a scission occurs within the Sarekat Islam (PSII): a group directed by the doctor Sukiman Wirjosandjojo and Abikusno Tjokrosujoso is especially inspired by religious concerns and Hadji Agus Salim founds the Penjedar Barisan PSII .
  • September 7th: Incident of Wanbaoshan in Mandchourie (from the Chinese police officers shoot at peasants Korea NS).
  • September 18th: Incident of Liutianghu (the Chinese soldiers would have sabotaged the railway and shoot at the Japanese; it is in fact an assembled blow). The Japanese drive out Zhang Xueliang Mandchourie.
  • September 19th: The Japanese occupy Moukden.
  • September 25th: Conquest of Mandchourie by Japan
  • November 7th: Mao Zedong proclaims a Soviet republic, the Chinese socialist Republic, in the Jiangxi.
  • November 19th: The Japanese enter to Qiqihar, in the Russian sphere of influence.
  • December 13rd: Tsuyoshi Inukai, Prime Minister of Japan (fine in 1932).
  • Armed conflict enters the Tibet and the China. Thirteenth the Dalaï LAMA continuous to control Tibet as an independent State while trying to rest on the the United Kingdom which finally promises much but holds little.
  • Gandhi takes part in IIe Conférence of the Roundtable in London.
  • New constitution with Ceylon.
  • the India account 352,8 million inhabitants.

Oceania & the Pacific

Americas

North America

the United States
  • March 3rd: The Star-Spangled Banner ( the spangled Banner ) becomes the national anthem of the the United States.
  • March 25th: Business of Scottsboro in Alabama: nine young Blacks are shown rape of two young girls white and condemned on simple presumption of proof by a jury made up of White.
  • May 1st: Completion of the skyscraper Empire State Building with New York at a cost of 40 million US dollars.
  • October 19th: The chief of the gangsters of Chicago, Al Capone is condemned to 17 years of prison and 50  000$ of fine for tax evasion.
  • October 1st: U.S. Steel issues a fall of 10% of the wages. It starts the signal which almost immediately carries the face of the wages, which are tiny room of 40% on average (60% in industry).
  • December: The Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to American Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler.

  • Light economic recovery outlined in spring. Herbert Hoover tries to avoid the collapse of the financial system by maintaining at all costs the “ gold standard ”, by widening the base the monetary emission, by balancing the budget strictly and while coming to the rescue from the banks and other companies.

  • dramatic Expansion of the Unemployment. Creation of many councils of unemployed who fight against the expulsion of the tenants and come to assistance the most stripped of. Creation of associations of mutual aid (332 distributed in 37 States at the end of 1932).
  • Fusion of the Vacuum Oil Company and the Standard Oil off New Jersey: creation of the Mobil Oil Company, second Major American.
  • the industrial production falls to 53% from its level from 1929.
  • Nearly 2300 banks in bankruptcy.
  • the adventist movement American, founded in 1879 by Pasteur CH. T. Russel takes the name of “Témoins of Jéhovah”.

Latin America

  • February 14th: Beginning of the dictatorship of the general Jorge Ubico Castañeda with the Guatemala (fine in 1944).
  • March 1st: Gabriel Terra, president in Uruguay.
    • Victoire of the colorados in Uruguay. The employers' sectors are organized in a powerful committee of vigilance to stop reforming inclinations of the Batllistes. In a context of economic crisis, president Colorado Terra, a fraction of the Left Blanco and oligarchy claim the return to the presidentialism, while Batllistes and the other fraction of the Parti Blanco sign in September the pacto of chinchulín which enables them to be in a majority in the collegial executive.
  • March 5th: Victoire of Daniel Salamanca with the elections in Bolivia. Strong man with the service of oligarchy, it allots social agitation to “foreign communist propaganda”. Incompetent to calm the social climate and policy in spite of severe “a law of social defense”, Salamanca diverts the attention of Bolivian on the competition of the Paraguay about the Chaco.
  • July 27th: Following the economic crisis, the general Ibáñez is constrained to resign with the Chile under the popular pressure. Last nine presidents follow one another between July 1931 and October 1932. For the period, a socialist Republic is ploclamée and lasts less than three months.

  • Law 83 grateful with the workers right to syndicate in Colombia.

  • 300  000 unemployed with the Mexico. Their number passes to a million one year later.
  • the Brazil produced 71  000 tons of iron.

Arts & culture

See also: 1931 with the cinema, 1931 in music, 1931 in literature, 1931 with the theater, 1931 as a cartoon, 1931 on television

Sciences & technology

Sports

  • January 6th: The Italian marshal Balbo crosses the South Atlantic with a " escadrille" of 16 seaplanes.
  • July 3rd: The champion max Schmeling preserves his championship of the world of the heavy trucks at boxing by beating Young Stribling by stop of the referee to the 15th round with Cleveland.
  • the July 26th France gains for the 5th time the Coupe Davis.

  • the Tour de France cyclist is gained by French Antonin Magne, second the Belgian Jef Demuysere and third Italian Antonio Pesenti.

  • the French aviator Ludovic Arrachart carries out the first intercontinental raid towards Madagascar.
  • detailed Article: 1931 in sport

Births in 1931

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1931

Beats-smg: 1931 Be-X-old: 1931 Map-bms: 1931 Simple: 1931 Zh-yue: 1931 年

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