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Definitions

With the traditional direction , the Passion indicates all the phenomena in which the will is passive, in particular compared to the impulses of the body.
With the modern direction , the Passion is an exclusive inclination towards a Objet, a durable emotional state and violent one in whom occurs a psychological imbalance (the object of passion occupies the spirit excessively).
In a direction more specifically philosophical synthesizing the two precedents, the Passion is an error of Jugement which carries us to wish what is contrary with our Nature and to fear what is indifferent for us. In this direction, stoical the Épictète declares that “ passion is to want a thing which cannot arrive ”.

Particular definitions of philosophers

Aristote

As a state in which an object undergoes the action of another, in opposition to the action , the Passion indicates one of the ten categories which Aristote distinguished, in its treaty of the Catégories .

Stoical

For some stoical, the Passion S is perversions of the reason, with the etymological direction, mislayings of our Jugement which draw aside us from our Owe S natural. Thus according to Cicéron, Zénon de Cittium, founder of stoicism, affirmed that “passion is a shock of the heart opposed to the right-hand side reason and against nature” ( Tusculanes ).

Descartes

The Idée of “passion of the heart” indicates, for Descartes, in its Traité Passions , the internal affections or changes which the heart under the impulse of the body undergoes. The most fundamental Passion is according to him the admiration (astonishment).

Spinoza

According to Baruch Spinoza, a passion is an idea confused, primarily Imaginaire and often abstracted, by which the spirit affirms an increase or a reduction in the force to exist of its body (cf Éthique III, general standard of passions). For example, Pity is a passion since it rests on confused imagination that a being is similar to us undergoes a bad fate, which causes immediate to cause a sadness. The confused desire to persevere in its being is for this author the passion the most fundamental, from which then the Joie and the sadness derive, then Amour and the Haine. Resting on an incomprehension of Nature and oneself, passions are undergone rather than they do not mark the moral strength of that which in is affected, they are thus passive Affect S having for natural consequence the Servitude.

They are opposed to the actions, the Vertu S and the Liberté in general. There remains however possible to control them, not in their opponent directly reasoning and the simple good will, which is immémorialement ineffective, but in their opponent of the active affects concerned with a true moral strength such as firmness (or Courage), the Générosité, the interior consent ( acquiescentia in ipso ), knowing that these virtues are born as for them from the joy of including/understanding the causes of our determinations and in particular of our passions.

Hume

“What we usually understand by passion is an emotion violent and sensitive of the spirit to the appearance of a good or an evil, or an object, which, in consequence of the primitive constitution of our faculties, are specific to excite an appetite. ” Treated human nature , p. 548, Sapwood.

Kant

“the inclination which the reason of the subject cannot control or does not reach that point that with sorrow is passion. ” Anthropology from the pragmatic point of view , p. 109, Vrin.
“passion (as a frame of the concerning mind faculty to wish) gives itself time and, as powerful as it is, it reflects to achieve its goal. The emotion acts as a water which breaks the dam; passion as a current which digs its bed always more deeply. Passion (is) like a swallowed poison or a contracted infirmity; it needs a doctor who looks after the heart of the interior or the outside, which can however generally prescribe palliative drugs. ” Ibidem , p. 110.

Hegel

According to Hegel, passion is the powerful tendency which pushes an individual or people to unify all his spiritual and physical energies to create a work artistic, technical or political single, original and determining in the course of the Histoire: “We thus say that nothing was done without being constant by the interest of those which collaborated in it. This interest, we call it passion when, driving back all the other interests or goals, very whole individuality is projected on an objective with all interior fibers its to want and to this end concentrates its forces and all its needs.” Reason in the history , chapter 2, § 2.

Quotations

Benjamin Franklin: There are two passions which always marked the human actions: love of the capacity and love of the money.
Stendhal : " The vocation, it is to have as a trade its passion. "

See too

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