Génomique

The genomic is a Biotechnologie which has as an aim the study of the Génome S, i.e. the whole of the Gène S carried by a living being, by applying in particular techniques of Séquençage of the Chromosomes. This discipline made great strides very mediatized at the end of the 20th century with the competition between various scientific teams for the publication of the first chart of the Human genome, announced jointly the June 26th 2000 by Bill Clinton and Tony Blair. But the first true sequencing goes back to 1972 with the reading of the sequence ARN of gene of the Virus Bactériophage MS2. Since then, the complete genomes many Espèce S alive were sequences: the Worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 1998, the Fly Drosophila and the Plant Arabidopsis thaliana in 2000 or, the Dog in 2005.

The knowledge of the nucleotidic sequence is tool for a multitude of studies:

Exploration of the functions associated with the Genes but also with the allelic variations and the genetic Polymorphism
phylogenetic Rebuilding with trees with alive Species S
Analysis with the evolutionary history with the living beings in bond with their ecosystem

In September 2007, a team carried out by the Biologist and Entrepreneur Craig Venter published the first complete genome of a Individu which is being Craig Venter itself. The genome of the Co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA and former director of the Human Genome Project, James Watson, was also sequence in its entirety at the same period.

Examples of research into genomic in France

Genoscope : National center of sequencing. Génoscope carried out the French contribution to the international project of Séquençage of the Human genome by séquençant the Chromosome 14.
Marine Genomics Europe: The purpose of this European network is the development of the genomic marine, to support the exchanges between researchers in this field, but also to develop actions of popularization.

References

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