Fuselage

The fuselage corresponds to the envelope of a Avion, or another freight vehicle, such as for example a Métro. The fuselage of a plane supports the aerofoil, the empennage (for the Stabilité) and generally constitutes the part which receives the transported load, as well as the pilots.

A fuselage is studied to reduce its aerodynamic trail, from where its name, resulting from the verb to taper which means literally to make narrow . Its form thus follows the rules of the aerodynamic , except for old planes, and the Hydravion S which have a lower part of fuselage in the shape of planing hull to be posed on water.

Certain light planes, Ulm or autogyros, have a nontapering longitudinal structure, a beam or a lattice.

Certain planes do not have any fuselage. The hang-gliders, like the B-2 Spirit for example, are planes only made up by one wing, supporting itself the control surfaces, the engines, the cockpit.

Other apparatuses are equipped with three parallel fuselages, such as for example the P38 lightning.

Lastly, certain rare machines like the Vought XF5U " Flying Pancake" comprise only one fuselage without wings; the bearing pressure is ensured by the shape of the fuselage.

The helicopters generally have a partial fuselage whose back is a beam or a structure out of lattice.

Constitution

When a plane is single-engined aircraft, the fuselage generally carries the engine at the front end. On certain models however, the power unit can be at the back, or on a pylon for the amphibious planes (to ensure a protection against water). If the plane is multi-engine, the fuselage generally does not carry of engines (which are carried by the wings); but it is not always the case (engines with the back).

The fuselage can break up into three distinct parts:

  • the part before which includes/understands the cockpit, different Soute S and finally the front point, which shelters either the engine, or the Radar with which the antenna is covered by the Radôme, nonmetal part letting pass the waves radar;
  • the central part who is used of cabin for the passengers or compartment for the luggage or the freight and to which are fixed the wings and, certain times, the principal Gear landing;
  • the back part, section of conical form, generally cast solid, on which come to be connected the Empennage S horizontal and vertical and whose end is called the tail cone.

Types of construction

  • the structure in lattice , consisted of longitudinal bars connected by verticals and diagonals, the whole forming a rigid triangulated structure. The lattice girder thus formed is covered then, by plastic fabrics or materials. That makes it possible to create a structure of fuselage light and very practical to install all the equipment during construction thanks to the full availability as long as covering is not posed. Covering (envisaged to resist only the air) is relatively fragile with punching. These structures out of lattice are often out of very light balsa for models of plane, out of wood (old planes), steel tubes or light alloys (modern planes).
  • rarer, the structure Géodésique was conceived by the engineer Barnes Wallis and was used by the manufacturer Vickers, between the two world wars. The technique consisted in assembling slats of wood posed in cross layers diagonal, which made it possible to create light and solid fuselages. This type of construction to advanced to become monocoque construction.
  • the monocoque fuselages are shells of which the walls constitute the single structure. The first constructions of this type were made out of wood moulded (like the Albatros, at the time of the First World War. Modern technology consists in using synthetic fibers (glass, carbon…) impregnated resin Polyester or Epoxy. This technique of manufacture lends itself well to the series production on mussels females, generally for light planes. Recent methods make it possible to carry out fuselages of big size (moulding by infusion, filament rolling up).

  • the monocoque skin of the fuselage can be erases on it even by a process sandwich : two resistant skins on both sides of a light heart. The initial technique was made up of skins out of wooden and a balsa heart: De Havilland Mosquito, at the time of the second world war). As for the monocoque skin, one can also carry out this sandwich with composite materials (fibers glass or carbon, epoxy resins, hearts out of synthetic foam or metal or composite honeycomb).

  • the semi-monocoque technique of fuselage is the method more used for the modern planes. The sheets forming the skin are Rivet ées (they are never welded, the temperature of welding reducing the mechanical characteristics of material) on executives and smooth. This technique is most widespread for planes, for example for the commercial Airbus or Boeing. One of the advantages of this technique is that the fuselage can be built in several sections, assembled in parallels (for example, for the airbus A380, in different countries), then all assembled on the site of final assembly.

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