Fundamento of Esperanto

The Fundamento of Esperanto ( Base of Esperanto ) is a book written by L.L. Zamenhof in 1905.

Published spring 1905 and officialized by the 4th article of the Declaration of Boulogne “Bulonja Deklaracio”, then approved on August 9th, 1905 at the time of the 1 {{er}} Universal Congress of Esperanto in Boulogne on sea, the Fundamento gathers the rules which fixed in an intangible way the language Esperanto in 1905.

Fundamento includes/understands four Parts: a Foreword, a Grammar, a Collection of exercises, and a Dictionary. Certain parts of Fundamento are written in 5 languages (the French, the English, the German , the Russian and the Polish).

the texts which follow are the original texts published in Fundamento in 1905: French version of grammar and an extract of the dictionary. (not to modify PLEASE) For fuller knowledge on the grammar of Esperanto, to also see Alphabet of Esperanto, Grammar of Esperanto.

Grammar

ALPHABET

Notice. - The Typographie S which do not have the characters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ, can replace them by cx, gx, hx, jx and ux or by CH, gh, hh, jh, HS, U (or ù).

PARTS OF SPEECH

Rule 1 . Esperanto has only a Definite article (it), invariable for all the kinds, Nombres and Cas. It does not have a Indefinite article.

Notice. - The use of the article is the same one as in French or German. But the people to which it would present some difficulty can extremely well not make use of it.

Rule 2 . The Substantif always finishes by “O”. To form the Pluriel one adds “I in the singular. The language has only two cases: the Personal and the Accusative . This last is formed the personal one by the addition of one “. The other cases are marked by Préposition S: the Genitive by “” (of), the Dative by “Al” (with), the Ablative by “per” (by, by means of) or by other prepositions, according to the direction. E.g.: the patr' O - the father; Al the patr' O - with the father, of the patr' O - of the father, the patr' o' N - the father (with the accusative, C. - with-D. direct object), per the patr' o' J - by the fathers or by means of the fathers, the patr' o' I N - the fathers (accumulators. plur.), por the patr' O - for the father, kun the patr' O - with the father, etc

Rule 3 . The Adjectif always finishes by “has”. Its cases and its numbers mark same manner as those of the substantive. The Comparatif is formed using the word “fold” - more, and the Superlatif using the word “plej” - more. The " que" comparative tradtuit by “ol” and the " de" superlative by “el” (among). E.g.: fold blank' has ol neĝ' O - whiter than snow; semi hav' ace the plej bel' a' N patr' in' o' N el ĉiu' J - I have the most beautiful mother of all.

Rule 4 . The numeral adjective cardinal are invariable: unu (1), of (2), sorting (3), kvar (4), kvin (5), its (6), sep (7), ok (8), naŭ (9), DEK (10), hundred (100), millet (1000). Tens and the hundreds are formed by the simple meeting of the first ten numbers. To the cardinal numeral adjectives one adds: the termination (A) of the adjective, for the numeral ordinal ones; obl, for the numeral multiplicative ones; one, for the numeral fractional ones; COp, for the numeral collectives. One puts Po before these numbers to mark the numeral distributive ones. Lastly, in the language, the numeral adjectives can get busy substantively or adverbially. E.g.: Kvin' hundred tri tri' DEK - 533; kvar' has - 4me; tri' obl' has - triple; kvar' on' O - a quarter; du' op' E - to two; Po kvin - at the rate of five (each one); unu' O - (it) unit; sep' E - septièmement.

Rule 5 . The personal Pronoms are: semi (I, me), VI (you, you, you), Li (it, him), ŝi (it), ĝi (it, it, for the animals or the things), if (oneself), nor (us), ili (they, they), oni (on). To make of them adjectives or possessive pronouns, one adds the termination (A) of the adjective. The pronouns are declined like the substantive. E.g.: mi' N - me, me (accumulators.), mi' has - my, the vi' a' J - yours.

Rule 6 . The Verbe changes neither for the people, nor for the numbers. E.g.: semi far' ace - I make, the patr' O far' ace - the made father, ili far' ace - they make.

Forms of the verb:

the present is characterized by ace ; e.g.: semi far' ace - I make.
past, by is : VI far' is - you made, you made.
future, by bone : ili far' bone - they will make.
the conditional one, by custom : ŝi far' custom - it would make.
the requirement, by U: far' U - make, made; nor far' U - let us make.
infinitive, by I : far' I - to make.

the participle present active, by “ant”: far' ant' has - making, far' ant' E - while making.
the active last participle, by “int”: far' int' has - having made.
the active future participle, by “have”: far' ont' has - having to make, which will make.
the participle present passive, by “At”: far' at' has - being made, that one makes.
the passive last participle, by “it”: far' it' has - having been made, that one made.
the passive future participle, by “ot”: far' ot' has - in front of being made, that one will make.

the passive voice is only the combination of the verb “esti” (to be) and of the participle present or passed of the passive verb given. The „of” or the „by” indirect object goes by. E.g.: ŝi est' ace am' at' has ĉiu' J - she is liked of all (share. meadows.: the thing is done). The pord' O est' ace ferm' it' has - the door is closed (share. not.: the thing was made).

Rule 7 . The Adverbe is characterized by E . Its degrees of comparison mark same manner as those of the adjective. E.g.: mi' has frat' O fold bon' E kant' ace mid- ol my brother sings better than me.

Rule 8 . All the prepositions are followed the personal one.

GENERAL RULES

Rule 9 . Each word decides absolutely as he is written.

Rule 10 . The tonic Accent is always placed on penultimate the Syllabe.

Rule 11 . The made up words are obtained by the simple meeting of the elements which form them, written together, but separated by small features (1). The fundamental word must always be at the end. The grammatical terminations are regarded as words. E.g.: vapor' ŝip' O (steamer) is made of: vapor - vapor, ŝip - boat, O - Termination characteristic of the substantive. (1). In the letters or the works, which are addressed to people knowing the language already, one can omit these small features. The purpose of they are to make it possible all to easily find, in the dictionary, the precise direction of each element of the word, and to thus obtain the complete significance from it, without any prior study of grammar

Rule 12 . If there is in the sentence another word of negative direction, the adverb is not removed. E.g.: semi neniam vid' is - I never saw.

Rule 13 . If the word marks the place where one goes, it takes the termination of the accusative. E.g.: kie VI est' ace? - where are you? kie' N VI ir' ace? - where do you go? semi ir' ace Pariz' o' N - I go to Paris.

Rule 14 . Each preposition has in Esperanto, an immutable and well defined direction, which into fixed employment. However, if the choice of this one rather than of that one is not essential clearly on the spirit, to use of the preposition I am made which does not have clean significance. E.g.: ĝoj' I I tio - to be delighted some, rid' I I tio - in laughing, enu' O I it patr' uj' O - regret of the fatherland. The clearness of the language does not suffer from it at all, because, in all, one employs, in such a case, an unspecified preposition, provided that it is sanctioned by the use. Esperanto adopts for this office the only preposition “I”. In his place one can however also employ the accusative without preposition, when no Amphibologie is to be feared.

Rule 15 . The “foreign” words C. - with-D. those which the majority of the languages borrowed from the same source, do not change into Esperanto. They take only the orthography and the grammatical terminations of the language. But when, in a category, several different words derive from the same root, it is to better employ only the fundamental word, without deterioration, and to form the others according to the rules of the international language. E.g.: tragedy - tragedi' O, tragedy - tragedi' A.

Rule 16 . The terminations of the substantives and the article can be removed and be replaced by a Apostrophe. E.g.: Ŝiller' (Schiller) instead of Ŝiller' O; “of the mond” instead of 'mond .

Dictionary

UNIVERSALA VORTARO LINGVO INTERNACIA ESPERANTO

Ĉion, kio estas skribita in the lingvo internacia Esperanto, oni povas kompreni kun helpo of tiu ĉi vortaro. Vortoj, kiuj formed kune unu ideon, estas skribataj kune, sed dividataj unu combined it per streketo, tiel ekzemple the vorto “frat' in' O”, prezentante unu ideon, estas kunmetita el tri vortoj, el kiuj ĉiun oni devas serĉi aside.

All that is written in international language Esperanto can be included/understood using this dictionary. The words which form only one idea together write together but separate from/to each other by small features. Thus, for example, the word “frat' in' O”, which do not express that an idea is made of three words, and each one of them are sought separately.

International Everything written in the language Esperanto edge Be translated by means off this vocabulary. Yew several words are required to express train one idea, they must Be written in one goal, separated by comas; e.g. “frat' in' O” though one idea, is yet composed off three words, which must Be looked for separately in the vocabulary.

Ales, was in DER internationalen Sprache Esperanto geschrieben STI, kann man put Hülfe sharps Wörterbuches verstehen. Wörter, welche zusammen einen Begriff bilden, werden zusammen geschrieben, river mouth von einander, durch einen senkrechten Strich getrennt; so STI Z. B. das Wort “frat' in' O”, welches einen Begriff bildet, aus drei Wörtern zusammengesetzt, deren jedes besonders zu suchen STI.

Все, чтонаписанонамеждународномъязыкѣЭсперанто, можнопониматьсъпомощьюэтогословаря. Словасоставляющіявмѣстѣоднопонятіе, пишутсявмѣстѣ, ноотдѣляютсядругъотъдругачерточкой; такънапримѣръслово “frat' in' O”, составляяоднопонятіе, сложеноизътрехъсловъ, изъкоторыхъкаждоенадоискатъотдѣльно.

Wszystko Co napisano W języku międzynarodowyn Esperanto, można zrozumieć przy pomocy tego słownika. Wyrazy, stanowiące razem jedno pojęcie, pisze się razem, lecz oddziela się kréską pionową; tak naprzykład wyraz “frat' in' O” stanowiący jedno pojęcie, złożony jest Z trzech wyrazów, Z których każdego należy szukać oddzielnie.

Some examples only (Full version on line)

ĉirkaŭ around, approximately | butt, around | um, herum, gegen | около, кругомъ |
desegn' to draw | design, purpose | zeichnen | чертить | kreślić, rysować.
dom' house | house | Haus | домъ | dom.
efik' to operate, act | effect | wirken | дѣйствовать | działać, skutkonwać.
fag' beech | beech-tree | Rough-hew | букъ | buk.
fil' wire | its | Sohn | сынъ | syn.
gust' taste | taste | Geschmack | вкусъ | smak, gust.
ĥaos' chaos | chaos | Chaos | хаосъ | zamęt, chaos.
har' hair | to hate | Haar | волосъ | włos.
ies somebody | anyone' S | irgend jemandes | чей-нибудь | czyjś.
infan' child | child | Kind | дитя | dziecię.
ĵaŭd' Thursday | Thursday | Donnerstag | четвергъ | czwartek.
kolekt' to pile up, collect | collect | sammeln | собирать | zbierać.
morter' mortar | mortar | Mörtel | замазка | zaprawa (wapienna).
mult' much, many | much, many | viel | много | wiele.
nor us | we | to wir | мы | my.
oliv' olive | olive | Olive | маслина | oliwa.
pentr' to paint | Paint | malen | рисовать | rysować, malować.
pudr' powder | powder | Puder | пудра | puder.
reciprok' mutual, reciprocal | mutual, reciprocal | gegenseitig | взаимный | wzajemny.
ruz' crafty one, astute | trick, trick | listig | хитрый | chytry.
ŝakal' jackal | jackal | Schakal | шакалъ | szakal.
sam' even (which is not different) | same | selb, selbst (Z. B. derselbe, daselbst) | же, самый (напр. тамъже, тотъсамый) | źe, Sam (Np. tamźe, ten Sam).
ŝark' shark | shark, sea-dog | Haifisch | акула | haja, wilk morski.
sekv' to follow | follow | folgen | слѣдовать | nastąpić.
servic' service | set off dishes, punts, etc | Service | сервизъ | serwis.
soif' to be thirsty | thirst | dursten | жаждать | pragnąć, doznawać pragnienia.
te' the | tea | Thee | чай | herbata.
util' useful | useful | nützlich | полезный | pożyteczny.
vulp' fox | fox | Fuchs | лисица | lily.

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