Fumay
Fumay (in Walloon: Fumwè ) is a common French, located in the department of the the Ardennes and the area Champagne-Ardenne. Fumay is sometimes named the City of the Slate in reference to the material which made its prosperity at the 19th century.
Geography
Commune of the frontier Ardennes of Belgium, Fumay is located at 30 km in the north of Charleville-Mézières in the point of Givet (that the geographers also indicate under the term of finger of Givet ).
Frontier city of Belgium, the brook of the Alyse which is thrown in the Meuse downstream from the commune is one of the benchmarks which separates the two countries.
The communal territory, of a surface of 3756 hectares, is composed primarily of wooded spaces. If the forest dominates in the landscape, it is mainly a resource of its basement which made the fame of the city: the Schist slater. Of exceptional quality, it was exploited until the beginning of the year 1970.
The oldest part of the city developed in an extremely tightened meander of the Meuse, drawing a true peninsula, the most recent districts developing on its circumferences. Fumay seems chapeautée by its church. It is claimed that the exploitation of slate little by little made subside the whole of the commune, but that nobody never dared to dig under the church, with the result that it dominates today.
This cashing of the Meuse in the solid mass of Ardenne reinforces the impression of containment and insulation, characterizing the valleye . One can stroll there along the Meuse, on the basis of the river port, continuing by the traditional tow path, and while going up towards the place of Baty where one will rest in the shade of the limes. Along this walk one will notice the immense hillocks of fouégés slate scrap the that the Scailleteux left there at the time of the exploitation of the salte quarries.
History
political history
According to a local historian, the first inhabitants of Fumay were established around the vault of Notre Dame of Various-Mounts which a monk evangelist, Saint-Materne would have set up towards the Life century after having killed, says one in a legend, “the famous snake which terrorized the wood of Fumay”.
In 762, Pépin the Brief yields the grounds which correspond today to the communes of Revin, Fumay and Fépin with the Abbey of Prüm (city of the current German Land of the Rhineland-Palatinat), conferring the frank ground statute to them. To manage this area, but also it to protect, the Abbot, a Solicitor named to represent it. This principle of organization was not without clashes when the solicitor took a weight of more important with the detriment of the Abbot, which gave place to the publication of payments where the two Lords were designated by the mention of Land Lord and Acknowledged Lord. The first of these texts is gone back to 1222. The load of avouery, consequently considered as personal property, will be transmitted by hereditary way or sale. It is by the latter process that Jean II of Avesnes, Prince of Hainaut , becomes Acknowledged Seigneur of the grounds of Revin, Fumay and Fépin in 1288. In 1433 Philippe the Good, duke of Burgundy, confiscated these grounds with Jacqueline de Bavières, last direct heiress of Jean II of Avesnes. It will resell them in 1453 with the family of the Croÿ . The load will be transmitted to it then of wire father in the branch of Philippe II that Charles Quint raised, for rendered services, under duke of Arschott. In 1610, these grounds were sold with the Aremberg , Princes de Chimay then with Jacques Theodore, count de Bryas , Cambric archbishop in 1689.
Of share its situation on the course of the Meuse and in extreme cases “” of the Kingdom of France and located in the zone of influence of the Netherlands, Fumay acquired an strategic importance. Thus, each of the two Kingdoms asserted the possession of the city, calling into question the frank ground statute granted by Pépin the Brief. This situation of tension will end only in 1769 with the signature of the attaching Treaty of the Limits, in particular, Fumay with the Kingdom of France.
economic history
Fumay owes its fame with the extraction of the Ardoise which goes up, according to the oldest documents known, in XIIe century. In XVe century, the activity becomes regular and structured by traders come from the Netherlands. In 1466, the slaters fumacians found a Corporation, baptized corporation of the minors escailleurs , placed under the protection of the Brotherhood of Notre Dame of Various-Mounts, to defend their rights. In first half of the XVIIIe century, between ten and fifteen pits are in regular activity, it because of a political stabilization in the area. On the other hand, the years previous the Revolution see the disappearance of the smallest pits, a compressing of the activity and a loss in quality of the stone. Three companies are active at the time when burst the revolutionary disorders. Only one exploitation manages to remain in activity, the salte quarry of the Mill Holy-Anne. The economic activity is blocked until approximately of 1835 when new businesses develop.
In 1846, Jacques Lenoir and his wife Clara Patez found a forging mill with the locality Potay : the future establishments Bidez and Haller . In 1848, with the locality Foot Saddle , Péchenard Nanquette and Co give up the production of window glass and concentrate on the workshop of kitchen utensils out of galvanized iron, founded in 1841: the futures establishments of the Foot-Saddle which take their real rise with the arrival of Eugene Boucher in 1856.
The end of the XIXe century shows a first deceleration of activity within the salte quarries, marked by a reduction in the request on the French market. With the First World War, all the local economic apparatus is stopped, the factories destroyed by the occupant. After the conflict, the needs for materials for the rebuilding facilitate starts again it salte quarries. However the French request slows down after 1925 and the owners find the context prevailing before war, reinforced by local competition between the companies. If the opening of a market in direction of England makes it possible to run out stocks, the crisis on the market of slate intensifies after 1928, involving the first layoffs. The great crisis of 1929 accentuates the difficulties of the local exploitations and involves the disappearance of the majority of them. Thus, in 1937, two hundred people, against a thousand ten years earlier, still worked in the two only salte quarries in activity: Saint-Joseph and Rebirth.
The Glorious post-war period and the Thirty see the reign of the metallurgy. If the salte quarries pain to recruit, the factories are under development full. An establishment as the Factories of the Foot Saddle employs up to 1000 paid and, in the middle of the years 1950, modernizes the whole of its line production. In 1971, the last firm salte quarry. The same year, in spite of a widening of the range of products, the Factories of the Foot Saddle are reconverted into the manufacture of cables of communication. 600 employment disappears thus in a year. The city, and points it of the Ardennes, see most of their industry disappearing.
Administration
Fumay is chief town of canton. This one includes/understands the communes of Fumay, Haybes, Fépin, Hargnies, Montigny-on-Meuse. At the inter-commune level, Fumay is member of the Communauté of communes the Ardennes Rives of Meuse .
Demography
(graphic development by Wikipédia)
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Sites and monuments
Points of sights and sites natural
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the rock of the uf,
- the risk all,
- the point of view known as of the Relay,
- the madule,
Of other places to be seen:
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tow paths,
- the place of Baty: place broadside of limes leading to a vault dedicated to Saint-Roch. These trees were planted in 1738 by a monk of a convent of Jéroministes, located behind current vault of Notre Dame de Divers Mounts
- the river port,
- the madness: this locality is located out of Right Bank of the river, vis-a-vis the rock of Uf. It is on this site that is the Saint-Joseph salte quarry, last exploitation to have closed in 1971
- …
buildings and monuments
the religious heritage
the parish church
The church is placed under the patronage of Saint-Georges. It was built according to the plans of Jean-Baptiste Couty, architect originating in Sedan. This last drew and followed about thirty constructions of churches on the department of the Ardennes, of which most important are those of Neuvizy and Douzy, to the style close and built before the building fumacian. The origin of the construction project goes back to 1862 when the members of the Fabric committee were alarmed near the prefect at the outdatedness at the church, which became too small to accommodate the whole of the parishioners. The first first project, corresponding to an enlarging, succeeded the total rebuilding of the building. The work, started in 1872, was completed in 1876. The building, of style neogothic, is installed out of limestone of Dom, which recovers carcass work heavy castings in quarzite. the majority of the stained glasses which decorate various bays come from the many brotherhoods which the commune counted, doing of this church one the most equipped of in this field of the department. Other stained glasses, like the rosettes of the transept representing the Education of the Virgin and Holy-Bores , come from companies salte quarries. One also finds part of the mobiier of the old building was reinstalled. One can in particular see there a confessional carried out at the beginning of the XIXe century, the organ case, carried out in 1780, as well as a series of benches, preserved relatively well.
the vaults
the vault of Notre Dame de Divers Mounts , located at the variation of the city, is by far one of the sites more the symbolic systems of the city, because supposed as correspondent with the first basin of life after its erection, supposed, by Saint-Materne by Saint-Materne in VIIIe century. Behind the vault, a community of Jéroministes settled in 1610. The site was sold at the dismantled Revolution and buildings. The vault was rebuilt in 1802 by slaters.
Each year, to Pentecost, a procession leads Notre Dame to the parish church where it remains until August 15th. This one is known since XVe century and, they are the slaters who, out of working clothes, led the Virgin, followed by the population. On the course, several stations made it possible to people to be collected before the mass given in the parish church.
the vault Saint-Roch is located at the end of the place of Baty . It was built in 1662 following the wish expressed by the burgomaster to build a vault in the honor of Saint-Roch if the city were saved by the epidemics. The furnace bridge, the XVIIIe century would come, according to the oral tradition, of the old church of the Community of the Carmelite nuns, destroyed with the Revolution. On the door, one can notice a marked nail of a cross that the young girls, seeking a husband, came to kiss, or people having to achieve a voyage and seeking the protection of Saint-Roch. It is also told that, behind the vault, would have been a cemetery of pestiferous.
the vault Sainte Beard was built at the beginning of the XIXe century near the salte quarry of Trépassés.Sa construction goes back to 1821. It was built by slaters to entreat the fate in front of the lack of work. Holy-bore is celebrated on December 4th.
civil buildings
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the castle of the Counts de Bryas: built by the Counts de Bryas, lords of Fumay, about 1700. Sold in 1815 to a local contractor who installs a white lead factory there. Sale in 1835 at the Company Holy salte quarry of the Mill Anne who in fact her seat. The remainder until the complete sale of the goods of the company in 1946.Propriété of the town of Fumay since 1952. Registered voter with the Additional Inventory of the Historic buildings in 1972.
the industrial inheritance
salte quarries
The hard copies oldest showing that one extracts from slate with Fumay date from XIIe century. They emanate from religious communities which request from the Abbot Prüm, Seigneur of the place, the authorization to extract roof slate to cover their buildings. Throughout the Middle Ages, the rise of the religious communities supports the diffusion of material and structure the first economic networks which are organized in direction of the Netherlands. Their influence decreases with the profit of the traders in XVe century, traders originating in cities like Dining, Namur.
Vis-a-vis the rise of the activity and workmen, the slaters fumacians found, in 1466, a corporation to defend their rights and, in particular, to restrict the access to foreign workmen. It is the corporation of the Mineurs Escailleurs which they place under the protection of Notre Dame de Divers Mounts .
The slaters work under the responsibility of a building owner which recruits them and remunerates them. Itself buys, with the biddings, the right to exploit a portion of basement to an owner. These sales, public, bear the name of given of work . The loads and the wages are paid out of slate that each one resells then with traders against money or, generally, foodstuffs. It is in the last years of the XVIIIe century that the owners start to organize themselves their trade-circuits and directly buy slates manufactured with the workmen, guaranteeing fixed wages to them.
The principle of the handing-over of work, which becomes anonymous with the XIXe century and takes a close form with the current invitations to tender, disappears entirely in the first years from the XXe century, the owners recruiting from now on directly their labor. The only exception aims at the first shaft , name given to the first work carried out during the digging of a room of exploitation, it until the Great War.
Until the end of the XVIIIe century, the exploitations are distributed, for their majority, in the heart of the city or along the Alyse , where the veins are more easily accessible. In the current of the XIXe century technological advances, but also the knowledge of the basement, make it possible to widen the fields of explorations of the basement to the whole of the communal, but so domanial territory.
The salte quarries of Fumay saw passing from the generations of scailleteux. So much only some people employed, others employed some between 100 and 500. Some were active only a few years, forced to close for lack of layer or money, others during several decades. Let us quote, shovel-mixes: Bacara, Beautiful Mountain, Bourache Malcotte, Chenay, Priest, Fountains, Flowered, Frechy, Gaye, Large Tranchy, Large Chène, Jaffe, Sleeve-board, Pierre Maule, Malcontaine, Holy Meuse, Cleaned, Mill Anne, Montauban, Monteil, Munoye, Padoue, Small Tranchy, Large Tranchy, Provost, Raguet, Rebirth, Rochettes, Therese Waistcoat, French, Timorous, Departeds, Wished co., St Georges, St-Gilbert, St-Jean, St-Joseph, St-Pierre of the Lions, St-Roch, Co.-Marie, co.-Sésirée.
metallurgy
If the name of Fumay is associated with the extraction of roof slate, the economy of the borough is also closely related to metallurgical industry.
They are first of all the establishments of the Foot-Saddle, specialized in the manufacture of heating appliances. The site developed around a forging mill founded in second half of the 18th century by Jacques François Ancienne. In 1827, Eugene Mathys establishes a glassmaking to with it. In 1841, Louis-Antoine Péchenard diversifies the production with the installation of a workshop of cast iron pottery and dismantles the glassmaking in 1848. Y work approximately 70 people then. In 1885, under the impulse of Eugene Butcher , the factory employs 650 workmen, that is to say a figure equivalent to the number of slaters. In 1923, the factory is repurchased by the Thomson group. The factory employs until 1500 people in the years 1955 when important work of modernization and enlargings are carried out. However, the crisis in the electric household appliances leads the board of directors to diversify his production then to set up a total reconversion of the site, being based on certain know-how in emaillery and foundry: the manufacture of cables. This transformation, effective in 1971, is accompanied by the disappearance of 500 employment. The factory, which belongs to group NEXANS, employs today more than 300 people.
Then the Establishments Bidez Haller come. This foundry owes its origin with Jacques Lenoir and his wife Clara Patez who, in 1846, found a workshop of forging mill which becomes, quickly, the foundry “Lenoir and Patez”. In 1893, Joseph Bidez and Chrétien To haul acquire of the company which takes the name of the two associated ones. The company takes the name of establishments Bidez Haller & Chatillon with acquisition, in 1937, of a new unit with Châtillon on the Seine (gold Coast). The factory, with the beginning of the year 1980, is struck of full whip by the crisis of iron and steel industry. At the beginning of 1983 intervene the first dismissals after one year of short-time working. The company definitively closes its doors in 1994 and one most of the destroyed buildings.
Specialities
- the white roll with the onion
- the rosties àl' spoils, sections of bread pasted of goat's milk cheese (or roquefort) mixed with butter, then roasted.
To go further
Personalities related to the commune
- Herve Carn, poet and Breton writer born in Fumay
- Martin Coupaye, baker and trade unionist
- Victorin Jasset, realizer
- pol. Plank timber, singer of opera
External bonds
sites general practitioners and institutional
- Official site of the town of Fumay
- Site of the community of communes Ardenne Banks of Meuse
- Fumay on the site of the national geographical Institute
- Fumay on the site of INSEE
- Fumay on the site of Quid
- Localization of Fumay on a chart of France and communes bordering
- Plane on Fumay on Mapquest
pages carried out by impassioned
- circle of history of the point of Givet and the grounds bordering
- photo report carried out on and in certain salte quarries on Fumay and Haybes
other communes of the Ardennes
- Common of the Ardennes
- Station of Fumay