The fruit-bearing arboriculture is a branch of the Arboriculture specialized in the culture of the Fruit trees in order to collect of them the Fruit S. It is practiced various manners:

  • family arboriculture is practiced in the garden of the private individuals, often not very productive, it only aims at satisfying, more or less completely, with the needs for the household;
  • intensive arboriculture is practiced in Verger S specialized, often trained, in order to supply the fresh fruit markets either, or out of fruits intended for the industrial transformation (Conserve laughs, Confiture laughs…). It is often about the principal speculation of the exploitations concerned, which one especially finds in certain areas which meet the conditions of ground and climate adapted to each species.
  • extensive arboriculture or Agro-sylviculture, source secondary and complementary to incomes for some farms, relates to especially trees of High-stem, very spaced to leave the place to complementary cultures, in particular of the meadows. It provides especially fruits of industry, for example of cider apples. Certain trees, especially with dry fruits (walnut trees, chestnuts) are sometimes cultivated in trees of alignment along the Chemin S and of the minor roads, or in the Bocage.

History

It goes back to highest the known antiquity: in the old China, To fish and Prunier were cultivated, in Mésopotamie, the pergolas of Vigne S and the fruit trees formed fences of the Jardin. To the OJ Sargon d' Akkad (- 2340 to -2284) brought back its forwardings “of the Arbre S, vines, Figue S and pink S”.

With the the Middle Ages, the Monastère S had a Verger planted fruit-bearing trees and shrubs under which the Moine S were buried. Apple tree, common Pear tree, to fish, vine brought by the Romain S, the Capitulaire De Villis allotted to Charlemagne gives a list of 16 fruit trees essential.

Classification of the fruit trees

Structure of a fruit tree

The fruit trees are made up various elements which it is useful to know before proceeding to the size:
  1. Eye with wood: the smallest bud produces a broken into leaf growth.
  2. Dart: evolution of the eye with wood towards fructification, becomes either a button with fruit, or a broken into leaf growth.
  3. Button with fruit: the largest bud produces a flower, then a fruit after fecundation.
  4. Brushwood: frail branch with wood.
  5. Tie bar: brushwood carrying a button with fruit at its end.
  6. Stock Exchange: vestige of the site of a fructification.
  7. Stipular: latent eye at the base of the branches.
  8. Coursonne : left the tree which remains on the branch charpentière after the size.

Techniques of arboriculture

vegetative Multiplication

See also: Multiplication of the fruit trees

Plantation

From October at April, the Fall in the dry grounds and to the Spring in the heavy grounds. The trees with fruits with pips are more difficult on the quality of the ground than the trees with stone-fruits. The shapes of full wind are bought especially in the form of scion one planted year S and half standard and all the 5 to 7 meters. The Gobelet S can be planted with 4 meters. The cords, the Palmette S and the scions will be trained along a wall or of a rib stall or another support.

The ideal ground to plant a fruit tree is composed of:

  • 70% of sand.
  • 20% of clay or silt.
  • 5% of humus.
  • 2 to active limestone 5%.

It is important that at the time of the plantation, the point of Clerc's Office of the tree is at least with ten centimetres to the top of the level of the ground.

Cut

Cut formation

A fruit tree can be led various ways in order to better adapt to the needs for the nurseryman. The tree can thus be formed in:
  • natural Forms: full wind (or stem or high-stem), half standard ,
  • Forms low-stem or conical:
    • goblet (according to the angle of the branches, the goblet is called vase, funnel or cylinder),
    • pyramid (according to the position of the births of the charpentières, the pyramid is called spindle, cone, stopper rod, spinning top or column),
  • Formes in Espalier (or punts, trained, directed or in palmettes ): hedge, palmette (led against a wall into horizontal, vertical or oblique), cordon (palmette led without wall but with lattice), training out of V (will tatura), candelabrum, flag, cord.

Certain forms are more or less adapted to certain species. Thus the Chestnut S, the To drown S, the Medlar tree S, the Kaki S must be left free develop without any formation.

The fruit trees with cores such as Plum tree S, Cherry tree S and Abricotier S are adapted to the full wind or half standards (height of ramification: 1,30 to 1,50 m) for the small gardens.

The Pêcher S appreciate the spindle or the half standard.

The Apple tree S and Poirier S accept all types of formation.

Cut maintenance

The trees with cores produce on the Bois one year old; they must thus be cut a minimum while being limited to the deadwood. If one wishes to practice a size of formation, to do it in February by removing the branch or coursonne which gave Fruit S the previous year to the level of the new branch which will flower.

The trees with pips will be cut the Hiver (out cold); the “full Wind” by pruning branches with the center so that the Air and the Lumière penetrate well, to train them to maintain their form. The be, pinching and size in green are practiced

Dependant risks

Fruit-bearing arboriculture is dependant on more or less controllable elements:
  • climate: even if one plants species adapted to the climate, the nurseryman is always exposed at the risks of the " type; frozen tardives" , Hail, Dryness or very great cold.
  • diseases: See the article Fruit tree

References

Random links:The Mesnil-Simon (Apple-brandy) | Piling-Up lemma | Belveglio | Chakib Benmoussa | Reynald Zrnjevic