The name of France appeared towards 1190, when the chancellery of the King Philippe Auguste started to employ the Terme rex Francie in the place of rex Francorum to indicate the Souverain. As of 1204, the Territoire is called regnum Francie , i.e. kingdom of France.
The human occupation of the territory corresponding today to France is extremely old. To the groups present since the Paléolithique came to be added, until the First millenium of our era, of the vague of settlement successive made up of Celtes, of Romains, Peuple S German, mainly of the Francs. Starting from the beginning of the second millenium, it is the monarchy capétienne which ensures the territorial unit of the country. The revolutionary period completes its administrative and political unit. The contemporary period is marked by the end of the territorial unit at the price of fatal conflicts, by efforts of cultural unification, an enrichment of the country and the arrival of million immigrants of Europe, Africa and Asia which deeply modified the structure of the population.
Origins at the Roman end of Gaulle
First human groups on arrival of the Celts
Occupants of the Paleolithic one
The oldest trace of occupation of Hominini of the French territory goes back to -1,8 My. They are found arranged rollers with Chilhac in Haute-Loire, whose character anthropic is disputed by certain authors. Towards 1 My, at the time of the Glaciation of Günz, the cave of Vallonnet close to Roquebrune in the Alpes-Maritimes is inhabited by small groups of Homo erectus from Africa. They occupy then of many sites until in the valley of the Somme. Towards - 400.000 years, one second wave of settlement arrives from Asia. With Terra Amata close to Nice, the researchers found vestiges Acheuléen S like one of the oldest attested hearths. Towards - 280.000 years, the atlanthrope S of North Africa settle in Spain and France and pass to England to dry foot; they work tools bifaciaux out of almond, with the sharp-edged point, fixed at the end of a handle or being used as axe. They occupy of the river valleys until that of the Sum., The men of Néandertal are present on the whole of the territory corresponding to current France. They cut flint according to the Méthode Levallois. On the sites of the Eyzies and Moustier in the Dordogne, many tools were found: Scraper S, Double-side S, peaks, scissors. They drive out the Bison, the Aurochs, the Cheval, the Loup and the Renne. They left oldest traces burial in France: deaths are buried in pits of 1,40 × 1 × 0,30 m; offerings are deposited beside bodies (meat rations, objects out of flint, etc).
From -33.000, the Man of Cro-Magnon, come from the the Middle East, people the areas occupied by the men of Néandertal and replaces it gradually. The men of Cro-Magnon are remarkable craftsmen. They left long points of Sagaie S in bone and finely worked, spatulas, punches, decorated smoothing tools. The sites attesting of their activity are very numerous: Pincevent, the Cave of Lascaux famous for its 150 paintings and 1.500 engravings, those of Cosquer, Gargas and Chauvet… the site of the Madeleine in the Dordogne inhabited towards by hunters of reindeers and fishermen delivered Harpon S to mobile point and gave its name to the civilization of this period: the Magdalénien.
Towards, the climate is heated. The end of the great glaciations brings the disappearance of the reindeer and the seal. A final civilization magdalénienne spreads French south-west towards the colder North-East with the continuation of game.
The Neolithic
Towards in South-east, between -5700 and - 5500 in the East of France gradually appear the culture of cereals, the domestication of the animals and the novel methods artisanal like the pottery, weaving, the polishing of the stones. The human groups are sédentarisent giving rise to the first villages and to the first tombs megalithic: Tumulus, Cairns, Dolmen S and Menhir S. The menhirs very present in Brittany, are isolated or in alignment as with Carnac (4 km, 2.935 menhirs) or in Cromlech as with the peak from St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, close to Luzenac in Ariège. According to Fernand Braudel, it is at the end of the Neolithic era that “biological identity” of future France with already racial diversities which characterize it today (Alpine, Nordiques, Méditerranéens, Norico-Lorraine…) sets up itself. The many ethnic mixtures will remain there and the invasions which will follow, Celtes, Romaines, Germaniques, etc will be lost little by little in the masses of the populations already installed.
The time of the Celtic
The conquest of the Gaulle by the Celte S proceeded in two phases. The first begins towards -1500 and finishes towards -700. The Celts colonize is peaceful territory generally of manner. Wandering pastors on their arrival, they become sedentary farmers between -1200 and -900. It is at that time that the first strengthened permanent agglomerations appear. Towards the end of, the metallurgy of iron is spread (Âge of iron). A new warlike aristocracy is constituted thanks to the appearance of the swords of iron and with the combat with horse. It hitherto a41dernier $c-b1, e,10 $c-b26 ce $c-b16 $c-b43, bn,84 upsets the social organization of the Celts agrarian and levelling. These “princes and princesses of Celtic” (Brown Patrice) are made bury with weapons and carriages of pageantry, as with Vix in Coast-in Or (Burgundy). Their tombs also revealed the presence of luxurious objects coming from the circumference the Mediterranean N (in particular of Egypt), which attests commercial dimension of the richness of these aristocrats. The remote commercial relations develop. Towards -600, is founded the Greek counter of Massalia (Marseilles) on the edges of the Mediterranean by Greek sailors come from Phocée. Other counters of the same type, before and after this date, are born especially along the shore (Antibes as of -680). The city phocéenne takes however ascending decisive on its rivals towards -550 with the arrival in mass of refugees phocéens, Phocée having fallen to the hands from Persians. The Greek influence appears along the great shopping streets thanks to the active role of Massalia.The second phase starts at the end of the VI E. The Celts then continue their progression towards the west of Gaulle. It is the second iron age or period of the Tène. This new period of expansion corresponds to economic and social transformations. The warriors aristocrats very few are replaced by peasant-soldiers gathered around a chief of clan. The Araire with iron plowshare replaces the swing-plow out of wooden. It makes it possible to plow the heavy grounds of the center and the north of current France. This mainly explains the new ground colonization, the population growth and the new invasions which resulted from it. Those stop for one century trade route of Marseilles. At the end of, the city found all its commercial influence on Gaulle. At this period, one finds Greek ceramics and coins in all the valley of the Rhone, the Alps and even in Lorraine.
At the beginning of the III E, the Belgian tribes originating in the South and west of current Germany invade Gaulle. Towards -250, they make the conquest of the Massif Central and Languedoc. The Gallic civilization of the period preceding the Roman conquest immediately is particularly flourishing. The emergence of true strengthened cities ( oppida ) of size much more important than the fortresses of the former periods, indeed, or the use of the currency are there features characteristic of this civilization.
At the II E, a relative hegemony arverne is set up characterized by a strong military power and a great richness of its chiefs. At the same time the Roman influence increases in the South of Gaulle. It appears initially on the commercial plan. The archaeological excavations showed that during, the Italian amphoras replace little by little those coming from Greece in the Marseilles trade. On several occasions the Marseillais call upon Rome to defend them against the threats of the tribes celto-Ligurians and the pressures of the empire arverne.
The south-east of France, in particular the Languedoc and the Provence are conquered by Rome as of before the end of the 2nd century. It is the Roman province of Narbonnaise which goes from the Pyrenees to the Alps while passing by the valley of the Rhone, strategic territory to connect the Italy to the Hispanie conquered at the time of the second Punic War. The conquest of these areas is completed in -118 after the defeat of the Arvernes and the Allobroges and the alliance of Rome with the Gallic people of the Éduens. After the fall of hegemony arverne under the pressure of the Romans, the large de Gaulle people - Eduens and Séquanes in particular - know a strong competition.
In -58, Jules César uses the threat which makes weigh the Germanic pressure on the Gallic ones to intervene with the call of Éduens, combined of Rome. The war is long and fatal and in January -52, with the accession with the capacity of Vercingétorix, Arvernes and their customers are raised against the army of the proconsul. Jules César faces the determination of Gallic whose rising is nearly general. Seats, fires of cities, scorched earth policy and massacres are then with the program which is completed by a Roman victory vis-a-vis disorganized Gallic ardor. In -50, Jules César leaves bloodless Gaulle taking along with him the elite of the Gallic warriors. He leaves at the cities a great autonomy.
The Gaulle Roman
The emperor Auguste organizes Gaulle in four provinces: to the Narbonnese sufficiently romanized to become a senatorial Province, it adds the Gaulle Aquitaine, the Lyons Gaulle and the Gaulle Belgium. It should be noted that the limits of Gaules largely exceed those of current France, mainly with regard to Gaulle Belgium.
The assimilation of Gaules is fast. In 48, the emperor Claude gives access to the Roman Sénat to notable Gallic, as show it the Tables of Lyon. The development of the highway network, pacification on the Rhine and in Brittany support the economic advancement. Pierre Gros summarizes the impact of the Roman presence thus the Roman conquest which involved the entry in historical times, modelled for centuries the landscape rural, established or arranged principal the axes of communication, urbanized immense soils, defined the administrative territories . The generalized urbanization sees the development of many cities, organized on the mode of the Italian municipes, cities which all perdurent still nowadays, while the campaigns cover villages ( vici ) and great farms ( villae ). Gaulle is then with Egypt the sector more populated Roman Empire, with a population estimated between 10 and 15 million.
Economic development profits from the centuries of Pax romana : the extension of the vines in Aquitaine, in the valley of the Rhone and the Saone and even in the Moselle east such as it competes with the Italian wines. Italian craftsmen installed as a Gaulle create an industry of the sigillée Céramique thrives (for example with Graufesenque). The Gallic craft industry also produces in abundance of the objects out of wooden, wool clothing and exports towards the great centers of consumption in Italy, on the Rhine and the high Danube.
The exchanges are not limited to the tangible properties: beside the popular worships of many the Gallic Pantheon, appear in the towns of other religions of Eastern origin: worship of Mithra, Cybèle, Jesus, attested starting from 177 (cf the Martyrs of Lyon). This last worship will become dominating in urban environments as from the 4th century.
The 3rd century sees following one another the crises and the civil wars on the Gallic ground. Starting from the middle of the 3rd century, in 258, Frank and Alamans cross the the Rhine and plunder the Gaulle on several occasions. Transitory a Empire of Gaules (unsuitable term), without this one being national, is created by Postumus, assassinated soon by its soldiers. As of the 2nd century Gaulle is touched by demographic weakening, the decline of the cities, the deceleration of the trade and the money circulation.
The military situation is restored at the end of the 3rd century, and the defense force on the Rhine incorporates more and more Germanic quotas installed with their families. Frank groups of as a Gaulle Belgium and of Alamans in Alsace serve like auxiliary Troupes federate, and certain frank officers carry out brilliant careers within the Roman Empire.
See also: Federate francs
Five centuries of romanisation leave deep marks on Gaules: languages (Occitan and French), a statute and released law of any religious principle, cities, a religion (the Catholicism), and even of the daily practices (bread, the vine and wine). In spite of these fundamental contributions which arrange France in the countries of Latin Culture, the French history neglected this period a long time, and neglects it sometimes still.
Germanic invasions (5th century)
See also: Germanic Migrations, Great invasions, barbarian Gaulle
In the night of December 31st 406 the people Vandals, Suèves, Alains and others Germanic Peuples cross the border on the the Rhine), in spite of the defense of the Francs auxiliaries, then in 412 the Visigoths cross the Alps and reach the Aquitaine. The Roman imperial capacity yields territories to them then disappears in 476. The structures of the Empire are demolished as a Gaulle, the political power passes to the cruel hands of kingdoms with their own laws, their own religion, the Arianisme or the Polythéisme. The danger of the Huns allows a temporary alliance of the occupants of Gaulle. In 451, Aétius takes to the head a coalition romano-barbarian which stops the raid of plundering of the Huns ordered by Attila with the catalaunic Champs. This battle which was well far from destroying Huns was magnifiée by the historians, and was enriched by the episode of Sainte Genevieve encouraging the Parisian ones with resistance vis-a-vis Attila.
In the middle of these cruel kingdoms, frank Visigoth, alaman, burgonde or, a Romain, Syagrius, manage to maintain between the Seine and the Loire a detached portion of the Empire like its own good and is made give the title of king of the Romans. Refugees come from Brittany (current England) settle in Armorique, which they make independent of the remainder of Gaulle for several centuries.
The Gallo-Roman elites still present in the cities ensure the local direction, and provide of it many bishops, guards of their community vis-a-vis misfortunes of the time, interlocutors of the military capacity of the Germanic kings who share Gaulle and last representatives of the Roman culture. Let us quote among those Avit of Vienna, Nizier of Lyon, Remi of Rheims, Gregoire de Tours.
The the Middle Ages and formation of France
Frank , Mérovingiens and Carolingiens ()
The Mérovingiens
In the middle of these tangles of people, the Francs saliens installed on the mouths of the Rhine make the conquest of most of Gaulle under the authority of their king Clovis Ier (481-511). The great intelligence of Clovis is to have understood that its capacity could not last without the approval of the romanized people. Its catholic baptism by Remi of Rheims towards 496 allows the collaboration of the Francs with the Gallo-Roman elites. Clovis is the founder of the first durable dynasty on the territory of current France, the dynasty mérovingienne.The conversion of Clovis, as for it, was exploited later by Capétiens to affirm the principle of the monarchy of divine right, i.e. of the divine origin of the royal capacity. They popularize the legend of the holy bulb, brought by the Holy Spirit for oindre the baptized king, bulb which will be used for the sacrings of Capétiens until the Revolution.
The Francs have a patrimonial vision of their kingdom. Clovis divides its kingdom between its four sons, which supports the wars between the heirs. The chart of the country evolves/moves with the liking of the wars, the crises and the heritages: the kingdom of Clovis is quickly divided between Neustrie and Austrasie and Aquitaine, which becomes with the Burgundy conquered by wire of Clovis, major political divisions of “Gaulle” at the 6th century and the 7th century. The Francs extend to the east.
Under Mérovingiens the period of regression started as of the the Lower Empire continuous. The population decreases with the S under the blow of the epidemics, in particular those of the Peste. The disorganization related to the cruel invasions contributes to the disappearance of the specialized craftsmen who had made the fame of the Gaulle Roman. The Roman roads are not maintained any more. The rare transport of the goods is done by inland waterway. The big business stops almost completely and an autarkical economy around the great fields, the vici , develops. Many peasants lose their freedom because they “are given” to powerful in exchange of their protection. The term frankly ends up designating the free men, who they are of origin Germanic or Gallo-Roman, but they are less and less numerous.
Starting from the beginning of the 7th century, the royal capacity weakens with the profit of the franque aristocracy, and especially with the “mayors of the palate”, kind of Prime Minister. Indeed the kings mérovingiens do not have any more grounds to distribute to their warriors and are thus given up by those. The family of Pippinides originating in Austrasie, makes itself main of the town halls of the palate of Austrasie then of Neustrie. She gives the Provence and the Burgundy, become quasi-independent, in the orbit mérovingienne and starts the conquest of the Frise in the north of the kingdom. One of the most famous mayors of the palate, Charles Martel, pushes back in 732 a Moslem army not far from Poitiers. To reward its faithful, it confiscates the immense land goods of the Church that it redistributes to them. This enables him to make sure of their fidelity without truing its own goods. His/her son Pépin the Brief makes lock up in a convent the last king mérovingien then is made elect king by the frank warriors into 751. He takes also the precaution to be made crown in company of his two sons into 754 by the pope. That gives him a new legitimacy, that of the elected official of God, like the king David, election higher than that of the frank warriors. The dynasty mérovingienne lived. Begin the reign of the Carolingian dynasty.
Carolingian
Pépin the Brief makes the conquest of the Aquitaine, become independent and of the Septimanie to the hands of the Moslems between 719 and 759. It intervenes even out of its borders by in particular creating the Papal States after a campaign against the Lombards. With its death, it divides according to the franque tradition, its kingdom between its two sons, Carloman and Charles but the early death of Carloman makes it possible Charles to reign on a kingdom of the Francs unified. The kingdom of the Francs ( regnum francorum ) knows its greater expansion under Charlemagne. This one extends the kingdom until in Saxony to the east, at the 20 years price of war, in Brittany, with the Basque Country, in Lombardy, Bavaria and at the Avars. This policy of conquest has as a consequence the imperial crowning of Charlemagne on December 25th 800 by the pope Leon III. There the contemporaries wanted to see a rebirth of the Roman Empire of Occident. But the Carolingian empire is centered on Gaulle and the Germanic one. Charlemagne is regarded initially as a frank king. The reigns of Charlemagne and his/her son Louis the Piles remain however, between two waves of invasions, one period of reinforcement of the royal capacity, rebirth of arts and the culture which durably marked the esprits.
Louis the Piles gives up confiscating the grounds of the Church to give them in reward its faithful. By doing this, it is obliged to draw from its own goods and thus weakens the land power of the Carolingians. Its sons dispute for the division of the Carolingian heritage. Finally they arrive at an agreement at the time of the Partage of Verdun of 843. It is on this occasion that Gaulle is called for the first Western time Francie. Francie Western, conceded with Charles the Bald person, youngest wire of Louis the Piles will give rise to France. Francie Western extends from the the North Sea to the the Mediterranean. It has as an advantage the extreme diversity of its landscapes and its resources naturelles.
However with the S, Francie Western is threatened of bursting. Under Nominoë the Brittany takes again its independence. The fastening of Aquitaine to the kingdom is only purely theoretical. The second wave of invasion of Vikings, Buckwheats and the Hungarians accentuates the disintegration of the royal authority. The impotent sovereigns to defend their subjects must resign themselves to see passing the capacity of command of their hands to those of powerful lords who constituted themselves of the Principauté S, vast nearly independent territories. To stop the threat Viking, the king Charles Simple the is obliged to yield the Normandy to the chief Rollon by the Traité Saint-Clearly-on-Epte in 911.
The title of king becomes elective and the Carolingians must yield their crown to Eudes, count of Paris between 888 and 898, with Robert Ier] from 922 to 923, and in [[Raoul de France|Raoul]] in 923 with 936.
In 987, [[Hugues Capet]], duke of the francs, descendant of Eudes, are preferred with the Carolingian applicant, [[Charles of Low-Lorraine]], uncle of the late king Louis V, thanks to the active support of the archbishop [[Adalbéron of Rheims]]. Its election marks the end of the Carolingian dynasty and the beginning of a new dynasty, it [[Capétiens|dynasty capétienne]] which will build France during the second millenium.
=== Them [[Capétiens]] and consolidation of the State ({{sp-|XI|E|-|XIII|E}}) ===
====L' evolution of the capacity royal====
The reign of the first [[Capétiens]] is marked by the weakness of the royal capacity vis-a-vis the large lords with the head of [[principality]] S. [[Hugues Capet]] never intervenes in the south of the kingdom. Its authority is limited to the royal field, the tangible properties and the vassal direct ones on which he exerts a direct power. First Capétiens have only one [[royal field|field]] little extended, reduced essentially in between Beauvais and Orleans, vestige of the duchy of France of [[Robert the Fort]]. By a skilful policy of the majority of them, they will ensure the growth of the royal field. Vis-a-vis large of the kingdom quasi-independent ones they have three assets however:
*Ils manages to make hereditary their chalk-lining making elect and crown by associating their sons of their alive (practice established to Philippe Auguste).
* the kings of France are at the top of the feudal hierarchy and do not pay homage to anybody for their possessions. But, [[feudality]] obliges, all large feudal kingdom owe the homage to the king. Most prestigious vassal of king de France were the sovereigns of Anjou and England. By the fields under his direct administration, the King of France was weaker than many vassal, but in term of vassalage, it was well the king of France which was at the top of the pyramid of the capacity of the feudal system. A proverb says that '' the king is emperor in his kingdom ''
*Le [[sacring]] [[Rheims]] allows [[Capétiens]] to acquire a crowned character. Oiling with the oil of the Holy bulb, gift of [[Holy Spirit]] at the time of the baptism of [[Clovis]], according to the legend, fact of the king, a king by divine right which holds its capacity only of God. Since [[Robert Piles]], wire of [[Hugues Capet]], one allots to [[Capétiens]] of capacities of miraculous cure, by simple touched, of the scrofula and the scrofules.
[[Image: Conquests Philippe Auguste.gif|thumb|right|400px|Philippe-Auguste carries out a victorious fight to lower the power of Plantagenêts and to increase the field.]]
The marriage of [[Aliénor of Aquitaine]] with the count of Anjou, become king of [[England]] under the name of [[Henri II Plantagenêt]], made of this last vassal of king de France much more powerful than its suzerain, as the first chart shows it. Philippe II, known as Philippe-Auguste has like main aim the lowering of Plantagenêts. Between 1202 and 1205, it makes the conquest of [[Normandy]], of [[the County of Maine|Maine]], of [[Anjou]], of [[the Touraine (French province)|Touraine]], of the North of [[Poitou]] and of [[Saintonge]] on [[Jean without Ground]]. Jean tries to react by joining together a coalition also joining together the German emperor [[Othon IV of the Holy roman Empire|Othon IV]] and the count of Flanders. Sunday [[July 27th]] [[1214]], Philippe II triumphs over the coalition at the time of [[battles of Bouvines]]. On the internal plan, [[Philippe-Auguste]] increase the royal resources by a good administration, which enables him to remunerate mercenaries, to build new ramparts around [[Paris]], to pave the city and to build the fortress of [[the Palate of Louvre|Louvre]]. With its death, the royal field is increased considerably. Its successors continue his work.
Its grandson, [[Louis IX]], sign finally peace with [[Plantagenêt]]. He affirms the right of the king to legislate in all the kingdom, including in the great strongholds when the shared interest requires it. He puts in circulation a stable and reliable royal currency, the large one of valid money in all the kingdom. He definitively places monarchy above the community property. Its legists affirm that nothing can justify the rebellion of one [[vassal]] and that no [[bishop]] can excommunicate the king. [[Louis IX]] crosses by twice, of 1248 to 1254 to fight the Moslems in [[Egypt]] and with [[Tunis]] where he dies of the plague in 1270.
[[Philippe IV the Beautiful one]] (1285-1314) is the last of large [[capétiens]] direct. It is known for the part which it played in the administrative centralization of the kingdom. It organizes the Parliaments definitively. During all its reign, he seeks to improve royal finances. As it fails to found a regular tax, the budget of the State functions by means of expédients: confiscation of the goods of the Jews, the Italian merchants, reduction in the noble metal weight compared to their face value of the parts struck by the king. To find subsidies, it organizes the first meeting of representatives of the three orders or states of [[clergy]], of [[nobility]] and of [[third-state]]. This type of meeting will be called later [[general states]]. It is surrounded legists originating in all France. But Philippe the Beautiful one is especially known for his confrontation with the popes and the installation of those with [[Avignon]] to escape the Roman disorders, putting for three quarter centuries, papacy under direct influence of France. When he dies in 1314, monarchy capétienne seems consolidated and strong.
====Les economic transformations and sociales====
[[Image: Tapestry agriculture.JPG|thumb|300px|left|the bottom of this extract of [[tapestry of Bayeux]], {{S|XI|E}}, watch of the agricultural work with harrow and plow]]
Even if the written sources miss, several indices show that the demographic vitality of France is very important starting from the {{S|XI|E}}. Men come from the kingdom of France hold the first rank in the conquest of England by [[William the Conqueror]], duke of [[Normandy]], in 1066. The frank knights play a paramount role in [[reconquista]] of [[Spain]] Moslem as of the medium of the {{S|XI|E}}. They are so numerous to take part in the first [[crusade]] at the end of the {{S|XI|E}}, that the States created after the catch of [[Jerusalem]] in 1099 are called frank States of the East. The increase in the population accompanies large [[clearing]] S. By the agricultural novel methods are diffused making it possible to cultivate the rich and heavy grounds Paris basin: mould board and wheeled ploughes which air the ground, harrows which break the mounds. Villages, churches and castle-forts work the landscape of the campaigns. The return to a relative peace supports the movement of the goods and the men, the money circulation and the rebirth of the cities. The craftsmen and the merchants revolt well quickly against the authority meddles of the laic or ecclesiastical lords and manage to obtain charters of freedoms allowing them to manage themselves. In the cities, the craftsmen gather in trades, of the very rigid professional organizations and protectionists who include/understand the craftsmen of the same activity.
The {{S|XIII|E}} devotes the French radiation. The historians think that during this century the population passes from 12 million to 20 million inhabitants, thanks to the improvements of the cultivation methods which allow the increase in the outputs. This does not prevent the campaigns from being shaken by revolts, generally local against [[right feudal]] or it [[Dîme|dime]]. However the {{S|XIII|E}} is that of the charters of stamping which make it possible to the peasants to largely improve their conditions legal and tax. [[Paris]] becomes the most important city of the Christian Occident with nearly 200.000 inhabitants, that is to say the double of [[Venice]]. Its radiation is ensured by its university, its monuments famous in all Christendom, it [[the Ste Chapelle]] where are preserved the relics of the crown of spine and the stick of [[Brace]], it [[cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris]], its workshops of miniature and ivory. However as of the medium of the {{S|XIII|E}}, of the signs of economic breathlessness appear. The small lords impoverish themselves. The growth of the population led to a fractionation of tenures. The variation widens in the cities between the rich person and the poor involving of the revolts of the " menu" populate against the people " gras" involving strikes and conflicts with [[Douai]], [[Paris]], [[Ypres]]…
====La fine of Capétiens directs====
The line of Capétiens direct ends in the successive reign of three sons of Philippe IV which die without male heir When [[Charles IV to France|Charles IV the Beautiful one]], the last wire of Philippe the Beautiful one, dies in 1328, it is the first time since the election of [[Hugues Capet]] which the late king does not have of male heir. Two applicants are in string, [[Edouard III]], king d' Angleterre, grandson of Philippe the Beautiful one and Philippe de Valois, nephew of Philippe the Beautiful one. The assembly of large of the kingdom prefers Philippe because it is of France and riper than its young English rival. This event marks the beginning of the dynasty of Capétiens-Valois, connects collateral of Capétiens direct.
=== Crises and changes of the low Middle Ages ({{XIVe S}} - {{XVe century}} S) ===
All the Occident is affected by the famines, it [[Great Plague]] and of many conflicts. But France, State more populated Europe, is more touched by misfortunes, more especially as it is the framework of an interminable war between 1337 and 1453, it [[One hundred Year old war]].
====Le time of the crises ====
With the end of [[XIIIe century]], one attends in France a reversal of economic situation. There are no more grounds to clear. The agricultural production stagnates whereas the population continues to increase. The exhaustion of money and gold mines slows down the development of the currency and consequently commercial exchanges. Beginning of the {{S|XIV|E}} at the end of the {{S mini|XV|E}}, whole Europe knows one [[small Ice Age]], the winters are longer and more cold, the fresher and wetter summers, pourrissant the uncropped harvests. The economic crises which result from it involve political and social disturbances accentuated by the weakness of certain kings during [[One hundred Year old War]].
In the years [[1315]] - [[1317]], the bad weather involves insufficient harvests. The cereal price increases involving a surmortality of poorest. The famines persist until the end of the {{S|XV|E}}. The situation of the peasants is catastrophic: either they eat the share of grains reserved for the sowing and the famine is accentuated the following year, or they preserve the grains to be sown and, as of the end of the winter, mortality increases, for lack of sufficient food. The texts of the time give also a report on wolves entering the cities to nourish, because private game by the rigor of the winters.
[[Image: Plague victims blessed by priest.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Victims of the plague blessed by a priest]]
As from 1348, the plague which already had devastated France in [[Antiquity]] and the Early middle ages, makes a return in strength killing a third of the French population almost. To leave it makes devastations in 1363 and 1418. The revolts multiply mainly in Paris: revolt [[Etienne Marcel]], revolt cabochienne. In the campaigns them [[jacquerie]] S are numerous.
The various crises had also positive aspects. The peasants and the craftsmen who survive the famines and the plague see their living condition to improve because of rise of the wages caused by rarefaction of labor. The nobility decimated at the time of the great battles of the One hundred Year old war is renewed. The middle-class men buy seigniories.
====La [[One hundred Year old war]] ====
[[One hundred Year old war]] opposes France and England of 1337 to 1453. It is not continuous. It counts 55 years of truce for 61 years of engagements. It does not touch all the kingdom but where it takes place, it brings desolation and death: plunderings, epidemics and turning into a desert accompany the bands by mercenaries who, in the absence of regular intendance and of pay, are useful themselves on the areas where they station, even those of the prince who employs them. During this interminable conflict, the French territory is the field of combat episodical but keen between kings de France and kings d' Angleterre. The English profit from the tactical superiority of their army (and particularly of their archers) and inflict with the French knighthood however much higher of number, two cuisants reverse with [[Battle of Crécy|Crécy]] in 1346 and [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Poitiers]], battles during which the king of France, [[Jean II the Good]] is made prisoner. The Charles dolphin is constrained to sign the treaty of Brétigny into 1360 which concedes with the English a good third of [[kingdom of France]], envisages the payment of an enormous ransom of three million books for the release of Jean II the Good (equivalent with the totality of the receipts of the king during two years). This one dies in London in 1364 without the ransom being versed.
His/her son, Charles V is a good tactician: peace obtained makes it possible to give again the capacities to him to reconquer the yielded territories. [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] can avoid the great pitched battles and entrusts to large captains such [[Bertrand of Guesclin|Of Guesclin]] the reconquest of the territory by taking again to them [[fortified town|fortified towns]] of the enemy with one by one strategy of [[seat (military)|sit]] S successive. In 1377 the English control nothing any more but Guyenne, Bayonne, Calais and Cherbourg.
[[Image: One hundred year old war (1435) .svg|thumb|left|350px|France in 1435]]
The rectification is provisional. The madness of [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] plunges the country in the civil war between two families close to the king, the Armagnacs and the Burgundian ones. The duke of Burgundy calls upon the English who launch a ride devastator through France. After having avoided Paris they cross Picardy for Calais. They are joined with [[Azincourt]] in 1415 by the fine flower of the French knighthood. The French again undergo a fatal defeat vis-a-vis an English army exhausted and fewer. By the treaty of Troyes of 1420, Charles VI disinherits the Charles dolphin. {{Reference necessary|This one is considered to be inapt to reign in there measurement where it made kill the duke of Burgundy [[Assassination of Jean without Peur|Jean without fear]], on September 10th, 1419|24.9.07}}. To its death, the kingdom must be allocated to the son of king d' Angleterre Henri V which married the girl of the insane king, Catherine of France. When [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] dies in 1422, France is divided into three: north and West under the control of the regent of the young English king, Henri VI i.e. the duke of Bedford, (brother of Henri V); The North-East where the duke of [[Burgundy]] is quasi-independent; South of [[the Loire (river)|The Loire]] where the dolphin, to take the title of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] but is called “king de Bourges” by the English propaganda which questions its legitimacy (insofar as the castle of Bourges is the favorite residence of Charles).
But the key of the conflict is that of the choice of nationality. The English by their strategy of plundering (the famous ones [[ride]] S) were made hate by the people and are constant only by the craftsmen and the academics of the big cities. The role of [[Jeanne d' Arc]] is more political and psychological that military: it catalyzes this will " to pare the English out of France". It takes part in [[head office of Orleans]] and after [[battles of Patay]] insists that the sacring of Charles VII takes place in Rheims (what is extremely symbolic system and interpreted at the time as a new sign of divine will because the city is in full Burgundian territory). It makes it possible to justify the legitimate birth of the king, making forget the rumors claiming that he was the illegitimate son of [[the Louis Ier of Orleans|duke of Orleans]] and allows his sacring. The way is then free for the reconquest of the French territory. The clean military role of Jeanne d' Arc is weak: during the winter 1429, it seizes the village [[Saint-Pierre-the-Moûtier]], fails in front of the village of [[the Charity-on-Loire]] before being made captive in front of [[Compiegne]] ([[May 24th]] [[1430]]). The end of the conflict is close: [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] made peace with [[the Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundian]] in 1435 ([[treaty of Arras (1435)|treated of Arras]] and deprived of their powerful combined and without support on the ground, the English are driven out of [[France]] in [[1453]].
[[Image: Map France 1477-fr.svg|thumb|250px|right|France at the end of the {{XVe century}} {{legend|#80e5FF|[[French royal Field|Royal field]]}} {{legend|#ffe680|Possessions of [[Charles the Bold one]]}}]]
The kings of France regain prestige and authority. They always have business with strong part, in particular with [[the Duchy of Burgundy|dukes of Burgundy]], the '' Grands Dukes of Occident '' [[Philippe the Good]] and [[Charles the Bold one]], which are the principal rivals of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] and of his/her son [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]]. To their Burgundian possessions, they joined to them [[Burgundian Netherlands|Netherlands]], and are posed among the most powerful sovereigns of Europe. To died from Bold, part of its possessions returns to his/her daughter, [[Marie of Burgundy]], wife of [[Maximilien Ier of the Saint Worsens|Maximilien of Austria]]: a new danger is specified.
The Middle Ages are completed on the disappearance of large [[principality]] the S which were it [[duchy of Burgundy]] ([[1482]]) and it [[duchy of Brittany]] (overcome in [[1488]] then [[Union of Brittany in France|linked]] with the Kingdom in [[1532]]).
==L' modern Time ==
=== Evolutions and upheavals of the {{XVIe century}} ===
==== the assertion of the royal power ====
End of the {{XVe century}} at the end of first half of the {{XVIe century}}, the French foreign policy is largely dominated by [[wars of Italy]]. [[Valois]] want to take advantage of the rights inherited their ancestors on [[kingdom of Naples]], and the duchy of [[Milan]]. In 60 years, they conquer and lose four times [[Naples]], six times the duchy of Milan. Finally, they give up any ambition in [[Italy]] Article '' territorial formation (1498-1789) '' of Encyclopedia Universalis, Yves Durant. One can put the question of the utility of such forwardings, unceasingly started again and ending each time in failures. There exist several explanatory factors: the attraction of the richnesses and the culture of the prestigious Italian cities, will to have the control of passages which make it possible to threaten the interests of [[Habsbourg]] by the South. To the XVI, them [[strategy]] S soldiers are tied, inter alia, around the idea of offensive border. It is a question of occupying of the fulcrums to deprive the adversary of it, more than to increase the territory of the kingdom.
[[Image: FrancisIFrance.jpg|thumb|left|250px|François Ier painted by Clouet]]
In 1519, [[Charles Quint]], king of [[Spain]] since 1516, inherits the possessions of [[Habsbourg]] ([[Empire of Austria]], [[Netherlands]], [[Franche-Comté]]). France is the obstacle to cut down to unify its possessions territorialement. It also has the inexhaustible reserves of gold and money of the Spanish colonies of America. [[François Ier de France|François I {{er}}]] presents himself in vain to the election [[Holy Germanic Roman Empire]] to limit the influence of Habsbourg. He also fails to make sure alliance of [[Henri VIII of England]]. As from 1521, France starts a long and difficult war. This one starts with the disaster of Pavia in February 1525. [[François Ier de France|François I {{er}}]], impregnated of the chivalrous values refuses to move back and is made prisoner. He is constrained to sign the treaty of Madrid in 1526, which cuts down France by a third of its territory but takes again the war at once released. In 1529, it must give up the suzerainty of the Flanders and Artois, two possessions of Charles Quint. This last gives up asserting BourgogneMalet and Isaac, '' the traditional age '' . Although combatant the Reform in the kingdom, [[François Ier de France|François I {{er}}]] is combined to the German Protestant princes and even to the sultan of [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Soliman the Magnificent]] to loosen the vice habsbourgeois. [[Henri II of France|Henri II]] continues the fight. He takes again it [[Bolted]] and Calaisis with the English. In exchange of its support for the German princes reformed in war against the emperor [[Charles Quint]], it obtains the right to occupy [[Calais]], [[Metz]], [[Toul]] and [[Verdun (Meuse)|Verdun]]. In 1559, it [[treated of Cateau-Cambrésis]] sign finally peace enters France and it [[Spain]]. Under the reign of [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]], it [[Bresse]], it [[Bugey]], it [[country of Gex]] integrate the royal field. Initially, he refuses to link with the crown his personal strongholds under pretext of preserve the interests of his sister. [[Parliament of Paris]] refuses, in 1590, to record the letters separating the patrimonial goods from the family of Navarre and the royal field. After the death of his/her sister, [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]] accepts the union of his strongholds and the royal field. It is also with the {{S|XVI|E}}, that the theory of the inalienability of royal field is forged. The king cannot give any more in [[prerogative]] strongholds to his sons juniors.
The Italian Rebirth gains France since, in particular by the means of [[Wars of Italy]]. [[François Ier de France|François I {{er}}]] brings [[Léonard de Vinci]] at his court. It is the time of the construction of the Loire ch4ateau: [[Castle of Blois|Blois]], [[Castle of Chambord|Chambord]], [[Chenonceau]], which is as much of place where triumph life of court. The sculpture, painting and architecture Frenchwomen change under the influence of the Italian model giving rise to [[French Rebirth]] whose most succeeded form is the school of [[Fontainebleau]]. [[François Ier de France|François Ier]] is first king de France to have understood that the artistic radiation of a country is an element of glory and power. Including/understanding the importance of the colonial possessions, François Ier finances remote forwardings. In 1535 [[Jacques Cartier]] discovers it [[Quebec]].
With the {{S|XVI|E}}, the war changed considerably. [[Artillery]] whose role is determining in the naval battles and in the seats starts to be used for the engagements in open country. France, to maintain its power in the European play, must not only maintain one standing army (the companies of ordinance created by [[Charles VII France|Charles VII]]), but also to have a solid artillery and to build fortresses able to resist the novel methods of war. All this is extremely expensive. The size is multiplied by four during the century; it passes from 5 to 20 million livresEugénio Battisti, Renaissance article of the encyclopedia universalis. But the tax resources are insufficient to finance the expenditure. The kings of France have recourse to the loan, - the debt doubles between 1522 and 1550 -, with [[bankruptcy]] in 1558 and 1567 which makes it possible to cancel certain debts but especially to re-spread the payment of it and with the venality of the offices. An office is a public office whose holder is irremovable since 1467 and which it buys. If venality existed already with the {{S|XV|E}}, [[Louis XII]] and [[François Ier de France|François Ier]] systematically developed it. With it is established little by little the heredity officialized with the creation of [[the Paulette (tax)|paulette]] in [[1604]], renewal fees 1/60 {{E}} of the cost price of the office. If the advantages are obvious, to get to the kings fast money re-entries, the disadvantages are it too.
==== Them [[Wars of religion (France)|wars of religion]] ====
[[Image: massacre holy barthelemy.jpg|thumb|300px|right|'' The Massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre '', according to [[François Dubois]]]]
Reigns of three wire of [[Henri II of France|Henri II]], [[François II of France|François II]] ([[1559]] - [[1560]]), [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] ([[1560]] - [[1574]]) and [[Henri III of France|Henri III]] ([[1574]] - [[1589]]) are marked by [[the Wars of religion (France)|Wars of religion]] between Protestants and catholics. The Reform was gradually spread in France as from 1520, so much so that in [[1562]], date of the beginning of the eight [[Wars of religion (France)|wars of religion]], a tenth of the population had become protestanteArlette Jouanna (to dir.), Histoire and dictionary of the wars of religion, 1559-1598, Robert Laffont, coll “Books”, 1998, p. 42. The civil war is a great threat for the territorial unit. Protestants and them [[catholic League (France)|members of a league]] make promises with the foreign sovereigns to obtain their assistance. For example, reformed promise in Elisabeth Ière of England to restore to him Calaisis in exchange of its intervention. Moreover disorders allow each party in the presence of assuming pieces of the kingly capacity. The catholic princes are very powerful in the areas of which they obtained the government like the Own way in Burgundy, Montmorency in Languedoc. [[Edict of Beaulieu]] of [[1576]] allows the Protestants to celebrate their worship publicly everywhere safe in Paris. They can occupy eight fortified towns and profit from rooms semi-part in [[the Parliament (Old Mode)|Parliament]] S. They then constitute a true State [[huguenot]] in the State. [[Edict of Nantes]] from 1598 reconsiders only partly its privileges.
With died of [[Henri III of France|Henri III]], assassinated by a fanatic monk, and fault of heir, the throne passes to a branch junior, them [[House capétienne of Bourbon|Bourbons]], in the person of [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]], before king of [[Low-Navarre|Navarre]]. But this one being Protestant, it is not recognized by the ultra-catholics of [[the catholic League (France)|League]]. It is necessary for him to reconquer its kingdom and to convert with Catholicism, which it does in [[1593]]. Once its consolidated capacity, [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]] puts a term at [[the Wars of religion (France)|Wars of religion]] by promulgating it [[edict of Nantes]] of [[1598]]. Helped of its minister [[Maximilien de Béthune|Sully]], Henri IV tries to give on foot the kingdom tested hard by [[the Wars of religion (France)|wars of religion]]. When [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]] is assassinated by [[Ravaillac]], a fanatic catholic in [[1610]], it bequeaths to his son [[Louis XIII]] a considerably reinforced kingdom.
=== the traditional age: {{s2-|XVII|E|XVIII|E}} ===
====Le large siècle====
{{detailed article|French history at the XVIIe century}}
With the {{XVIe century}} and {{XVIIe century}}, the theory of the absolute monarchy becomes extensive. It has as principal relay in the provinces the law officers who seek to reduce the rights of justice seigneuriale. Justice is indeed a powerful means of unification of the country. All the cases can go in call near [[council of the king]] by the means of the evocations. The habit of Paris tends to be essential like usual common right.
[[Image: France 1552 to 1798-fr.svg|thumb|350px|Territory under French reign and conquests of 1552 to 1798.]]
[[Louis XIII of France|''' Louis XIII ''']] ([[1601]] - [[1643]]) is nine years old when his/her father Henri IV is assassinated in [[1610]]. His/her mother Marie de Médicis ensures regency with her favorites and neglects the education of the young king. Louis XIII draws aside it from the capacity in 1617 while making assassinate his Concini favorite. As from 1624, it reigns in close cooperation with its principal minister, it [[Richelieu|cardinal of Richelieu]] that it supports against the intrigues of the noble ones, furious to be isolated capacity. Under its reign, it [[Auvergne]] and some Lorraine places join the royal field. It follows a policy of domestication of the large lords of the kingdom (business of [[the Henri de Talleyrand-Périgord, count de Chalais|count de Chalais]] in 1626), of hardening towards the Protestants with which it manages to withdraw thestrong ones that it [[edict of Nantes]] granted to them. It installs [[Intendant (Old Mode)|intendant]] S of justice organizes and finances in the provinces. Contrary to the officers those are revocable police chiefs. They are essential in the areas borders or occupied by the French. They ensure the order it while fighting against plunderings of the soldiers French and while making sure of the fidelity of the subjects, particularly the noble ones and cities. The king accentuates centralization by supporting the monetary workshop of striking of [[Paris]] at the expense of those of provinces. The considerable increase of the tax pressure, required by the war, causes many popular risings: in 1636-1637 that of [[Crunching]] [[Saintonge]] - [[Périgord]], in 1639 that of [[Flip-flop]] of [[Normandy]], severely repressed. Indeed, since 1635, Louis XIII and it [[Richelieu|cardinal of Richelieu]] engage in [[Thirty Year old war]] near the Protestant German princes reducing the power of the dynasty of [[Habsbourg]], of [[Spain]], first European power at that time and of those of [[Austria]] which are with the head of the Saint Worsens Roman Germanic. To weaken them [[Habsbourg]], the French occupy of the fortified towns and make sure of the passages which connect them to their allies, in [[Alsace]], in [[Lorraine]] and in [[Piedmont]].
''' [[Louis XIV]] ''' has four years and half when his/her father dies in 1643. His/her mother [[Anne of Austria (1601-1666)|Anne of Austria]] ensures regency with [[cardinal Mazarin]]. Until 1661, date of its death, it is the latter which controls indeed, even after the majority of [[Louis XIV]]. It continues the effort of war started by Richelieu. The French troops gain decisive victories which make it possible to put an end to [[Thirty Year old war]] (1618-1648). [[Treaty of Münster]] of October 1648 to France almost all grants it [[Alsace]], confirms the possession of the three évêchés and gives three fortresses to France on Right Bank of [[the Rhine]], [[Pram (city)|Pram]], [[Philippsbourg]] and [[Brisach]]. Mazarin thus continues the policy of passage towards [[Holy Germanic Roman Empire]] undertaken by the cardinal of Richelieu. The conflict continues however with Spain until 1659. With [[the Treaty of the Pyrenees|peace of the Pyrenees]], the royal field increases of Roussillon, of Artois and certain places of Hainaut like Thionville and Montmédy. Louis XIV marries the infante of Spain, [[Marie-Therese of Austria (1638-1683)|Marie-Therese of Austria]]. For the first time, in a treaty signed by France, the border between France and Spain is defined by nature: " peaks of the mountains which form the slopes of the eaux" city in the article France, territorial formation (1498-1789) of Encyclopedia Universalis.
[[Image: Louis XIV off France.jpg|thumb|250px|Louis XIV in coat of sacring by Stone.]]
With died of [[Mazarin]], in 1661, Louis XIV declares that it will only control from now on, i.e. without Prime Minister. He claims his Secretaries of State a strict obedience and prohibits to them to decide without him. To be sure to be obeyed of its ministers, it chooses them among the middle-class like [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] or [[Michel Tellier (1603-1685)|Tellier]]. The reign of Louis XIV marks an extreme centralization of the royal capacity. The great decisions are made by the council of in top which meets two or three times per week and where only 3 to 5 ministers sit. [[the Intendant (Old Mode)|intendant]] S are more than ever the voice of the king in the provinces. At the beginning of his personal reign (1661-1715), Louis XIV starts the recovery of the royal authority. The governors of the provinces, resulting from the nobility do not have any more an army at their disposal and must reside at the court, which makes difficult the clientelism. In 1665, [[Louis XIV]] prohibited at [[the Parliament (Old Mode)|Parliaments]] to deliberate on the edicts and orders to them to record them without vote. Provincial states of [[Normandy]], [[Périgord]], [[Auvergne]], [[Rouergue]], [[Guyenne]] and [[Dauphine]] disappear. With Colbert, he undertakes to reform justice and makes write a whole series of ordinances or codes applicable in all the kingdom. Not being sure fidelity of the officers hereditary owners of loads, he entrusts their functions to revocable police chiefs. This process ends up forcing the officers with obedience. The nobility loses any political power. It is domesticated with [[Versailles]] where its greater concern is to point out itself of the king. For that, it must make excessive expenditure and is reduced by it to beg pensions with the king to ensure his sumptuous way of life.
Louis XIV thinks that the war is the natural vocation of a king. But at the beginning of its reign, the army is still a private company monopolized by the nobility. Under the aegis of [[Michel Tellier (1603-1685)|Tellier]] then of his/her son [[François Michel Tellier de Louvois|Louvois]], the officers are controlled by civil administrators who apply strict regulations, stripping them of most of to be able to them.
The efforts made to modernize and discipline the army make it possible Louis XIV to gain bright victories in the first part of its personal reign. [[War of Devolution]] (1667-1668) allows him to conquer new fortified towns in the north of France among which [[Dunkirk]], [[Lille]] and [[Douai]]. [[Treaty of Nimègue]] of 1678 put an end to [[war of Holland]]. Exchanges of fortified towns make it possible to regularize the border in north. In 1680-1681, Louis XIV, extremely of his domination without division on Europe proceeds to the policy of the “meetings”. The goal is to connect the chain of fortified towns worked out by [[Vauban]]. In full peace it annexes inter alia [[Nancy]] and [[Strasbourg]]. This violation of the international law makes indignant the States of Europe. Louis XIV alienates the Protestant States by revoking the edict of Nantes in 1685. Its relationship with England is tightened. Indeed France starts to populate it [[Quebec]], between [[1635]] and [[1654]] it [[Guadeloupe]] is conquered by Léonard of the Olive and Duplessis of OS, in [[1682]] [[Cavelier of the Room]] what he discovers calls it [[Louisiana]], the French found commercial counters in India, which competes with the British projects. The September 25th, 1688 Louis XIV launches a demanding ultimatum that the truce which granted the occupation of the " to him; réunions" for 20 years is transformed into final treaty. It makes occupy and devastate it [[Palatinat]] of which it asserts the succession. This involves it [[war of the league of Augsburg]] directed by [[Guillaume III of Orange-Nassau|William of Orange]], [[Stathouder]] of [[Holland]], become king d' Angleterre with his wife [[Marie II of England|Marie II]]. The war is undecided and is very expensive whereas France knows one period of food shortage in 1693. [[Louis XIV]] agrees to negotiate, it returns the " réunions" but preserves [[Strasbourg]] by the treaty of [[Treaty of Ryswick|peace of Ryswick]] of 1697.
[[War of succession of Spain]], carried out by a European coalition to prevent the count of Anjou second wire of the dolphin from becoming king d' Espagne starts in 1703. France after some victories knows many reverses. Peace is signed with [[Treaties of Utrecht (1713)|Utrecht]] in 1714. The old king who dies in 1715, sees his son and his grandson to die before him. Its heir is thus his great-grandson born in 1710.
====Le century of Lumières====
[[Image: LouisXV-Rigaud1.jpg|thumb|250px|Louis XV]]
''' [[Louis XV]] ''' reign of 1715 to 1774. Being only 5 years old with died of its great-grandfather, Louis XIV, the capacity is entrusted to a council of regency directed by [[the Philippe of Orleans (1674-1723)|duke of Orleans]]. This one took care to make break the will of the late king, who limited his capacity, by [[Parliament of Paris]] in exchange of a return to the right of remonstrance. One of the autonomous capacities muzzled by Louis XIV thus finds a bargaining power of the monarchy of which it will be useful throughout the {{S|XVIII|E}}. The time is with the loosening of moral standards, the economic boom, the speculation. The taste for the exotic products supports the development of the ports of the Atlantic. The merchants of colonial produce, the monarchy and the traffickers of slaves make bright fortunes and the colonists import manufactured goods of France. The port of [[Nantes]] develops and the slave traders are made build with [[Nantes]], with [[Bordeaux]] and with [[La Rochelle]] of imposing buildings. [[New-Orleans]] is founded in 1718.
When the regent dies in 1723, [[Louis XV]] reign personally. Until 1743, it is pressed on a Prime Minister [[Andre Hercules de Fleury|Fleury]], its former tutor in whom it has any confidence. Under its reign, France increases. In 1735, it [[Lorraine]], sovereign principality, several times occupied by France, is given to [[Stanislas Leszczynski]], king unhappy, driven out throne of [[Poland]] by the Russians and the Austrians, and father-in-law of [[Louis XV]]. To its death in 1766, it enters the royal field. [[Corsica]] is yielded by the Republic of Genoa in 1768. Previously in 1762, the area of [[Dombes]] had, it also, joined the field. During its reign, [[Louis XV]] refuses several times the proposals which are made to him annex them [[Austrian Netherlands]] (it [[Belgium]] current) in exchange of its alliance or its neutrality, without the historians including/understanding the raisonarticle '' France well of it, territorial formation (1498-1789) '' of Encyclopedia Universalis. By losing it [[Seven Year old war]] (1756-1763), France loses its political importance overseas, in particular in [[America]] (loss of [[Canada]]) and in [[India]] (where it preserves only Yanaon, Chandernagor, Karikal, Mahé and Pondichéry) by yielding its territories to the rival [[Great Britain]] by [[the Treaty of Paris (1763)|treaty of Paris]] of [[1763]].
The reign of [[Louis XV]] is very brilliant on the cultural level, with the appearance of [[philosophy|philosophers]] of [[the Age of Enlightenment|Lights]] such [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Charles de Secondat|Montesquieu]], [[Diderot]] and [[of Alembert]]. The major problem of the State is then the chronic budget deficit which results in making the king depend on financial and of the big businessmen. Another source of paralysis of the systems of government, opposition of [[the Parliament (Old Mode)|Parliament]] S, being posed as a defender laws of the kingdom and in [[countervailing power]]. Being opposed to any attempt reforms of the kingdom, it contributes to the crisis of the absolute monarchy under the reign of [[Louis XVI]].
Under the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI, a policy of simplification and regularization of the borders is undertaken. It is a question of carrying out exchanges of places advanced with the Neighboring states to avoid the French enclaves as well apart from the borders as foreign inside the territory. In 1789, there exist nothing any more but three foreign enclaves in French territory, Avignon and Comtat which belong to the pope, the principality of Montbeliard and the Republic of Mulhousearticle '' France, territorial formation (1498-1789) '' of Encyclopedia Universalis. It is besides with the {{S|XVIII|E}} that the theory of the natural borders is forged. A report addressed to the king precise: '' “France indeed must be held limited by the Rhine and never not think of making any conquest in Germany. If it were made a law not pass this barrier and the others that it natural prescribed coast of the occident and midday to him: sea céane, the Pyrenees, Mediterranean, the Alps, Meuse and the Rhine, it would become the referee of Europe then and would be in a position to maintain peace instead of disturbing it. ” '' article '' France, completion of the unit, 17889-1944 '' of Encyclopedia universalis the refusal of Louis XV to annex the Austrian Netherlands shows that this idea is not, at this time, official doctrines of the State.
[[Image: Louis xvi.jpg|thumb|250px|Louis XVI in costume of sacring]]
The grandson of Louis XV, ''' [[Louis XVI]] ''' arrives at the capacity in 1774. He is left and timid. He lives in a court crossed by the intrigues and the coteries. Its reign is marked by a weak-willed policy. Vis-a-vis the pressures of the court, Parliaments, of the nobility, it is unable to take the necessary measures to fill a national debt and a budget deficit disproportionate. The assistance brought to the American insurrectionists makes it possible to recover Louisiana but it still worsens the deficit. Several other factors explain the difficulties of the absolute monarchy. In spite of the attempts at administrative centralization, the country is far from being unified. There exist interior customs between the provinces, there are not a unit of the weights and measures. All this blocks the economic development of France at one time when England is in full industrial takeoff. The taxes are not perceived same manner in all the country, even if the intendants supervise the distribution and the lifting of it. In spite of the efforts made since [[François Ier de France|François I {{er}}]] with [[ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts]], the laws is not the same ones in all the kingdom. North is still subjected to [[the Habit (right)|common law]], about 300 habits, whereas the south is governed by a statute law, inspired of [[Roman law]]. The Old Mode was accustomed to nothing removing but superimposing. Of this fact in the years 1780, there exists a tangle of districts of sizes and different functions, [[diocese]] S of [[Antiquity]], [[baillage]] S and [[seneschalsy]] S of the Middle Ages, general information of the {{S|XVI|E}}. For example: '' " An inhabitant of Mesnin Saint resided without the baillage of Semur, paid his impositions with the receipt of Semur, dealt with subdelegated [[Vitteaux]] and with the bishop of [[Dijon]]. if some business of National Forestry Commission retained it, it was with the control of [[Avallon]] that it was to go; if it required for consular justice, it is in Saulieu that its voyage the menait" ''. Regine Robin, the French company in 1789, [[Semur in Auxois]]
This confusion is explained by the way in which the royal field was formed. With each acquisition, the kings promised to respect the privileges and the habits of the provinces and the cities. At the dawn of the Revolution the regional idiosyncracies remain very sharp.
== the revolutionary period ==
The revolutionary period starts towards [[1787]]. At that time the absolute monarchy is unable to lead the reforms, in particular tax, essential to the modernization of France vis-a-vis the dispute of the privileged groups, [[Parliament (Old Mode)|Parliament]] S and [[nobility]] at the head. In addition, the novel ideas carried by the philosophers of the Lights and the economists English penetrated the easy layers of the population which claim a parliamentary monarchy, the rationalization of the institutions and the liberalization of an antiquated economic system. [[Reaction peerage-book]] and the economic crisis play a considerable part in the popular shock. The revolutionary period finishes in 1814-1815, when the emperor [[Napoleon i]] is sent in exile initially to [[isle of Elba]] and then in [[island of Grey waxbill]]. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], by consolidating certain revolutionary assets, by exporting some of its aspects to the course of wars and the conquests which mark its reign, while putting fine at the civil war between the French, is considered, with the eyes of its contemporaries, like the continuator of the Revolution. Traditionally the historians distinguish two major times for the revolutionary period: [[French revolution]] of 1789 to 1799 and the Napoleonean period ([[Consulate (French history)|Consulate]] and [[First Empire]]) of 1799 to 1815.
=== It [[French revolution]] ([[1789]] - [[1799]]) ===
==== birth of new France ====
[[Image: Catch of Bastille.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Storming of the Bastille]] it [[July 14th]] [[1789]].]]
The year [[1789]] is rich in events. Incompetent to establish a universal tax, [[Louis XVI]] convened them [[General states]] for the 1 {{er}} May 1789 in Versailles. The deputies of [[third state]] arrive in two months and without violence to be put an end to [[absolute monarchy]] with the assistance of part of [[clergy]] and [[nobility]]. July 14th, 1789, the Parisian ones exasperated by the economic crisis and the arrival of troops around Paris take by storm it [[Bastille (Paris)|Bastille]]. This event is at the origin of two symbols of the Republic, the national festival and the Tricolor. Indeed on July 17th the king, come to Paris to ratify the new Parisian institutions born of [[storming of the Bastille]], agrees to carry the tricolor rosette, the white, the royal color, surrounded of the two colors of [[Paris]], blue and the red. At the end of the month of July 1789, the campaigns are agitated by [[Great fear]], a revolt against [[right feudal]]. To put an end to agitation the deputies vote in the night of August 4th, 1789, it [[abolition of the privileges]] and of the feudal rights. Even if the latter are declared redeemable during the drafting of the decrees, between the 5 and on August 11th, this date marks the end of [[Old Mode]] and the beginning of a new business. [[The Declaration of the human rights and the citizen of 1789|Declaration of the Human rights and the Citizen]] voted on August 26th, 1789 is the baptismal certificate. This text recognizes the equality of the citizens in front of the law, devotes national sovereignty and legitimates the right to resistance to oppression. With the forced return of the king in Paris, October 5th and 6th 1789, the Revolution seems to have achieved its goals: to give birth to a parliamentary monarchy by lowering prestige from the king.
[[Image: Declaration of the Rights of lHomme.jpg|300px|thumb||[[Declaration of the human rights and the citizen of 1793]].]]
The abolition of the privileges and feudality pushes the Components, kneaded rationalism and ideas of Lights to reorganize France to give him the unit which was lacking to him. The assembly decides to remove the tangle of the old administrative units and decides on January 15th, 1790 to create a single administrative unit for justice, the administration, the religion, the collection of the taxes, managing the public thing in a very decentralized way. They are the departments, 83 in all, divided themselves into districts, cantons and communes.
The suppression of the interior customs, the fastidious corporations and their privileges, the decision to create new units of weight and measurements based on the decimal system and valid in all France, the drafting of codes unifying the right to the national scales, the equality in right for the Protestants and the Jews are as many initiatives suitable to consolidate the national unit to put at the credit Components. The business of [[possessionnés princes of Alsace]] and of the annexation of [[Avignon]] and of [[Comtat Venaissin]] in 1790 makes it possible to the revolutionists to pose a new principle of [[the public International law|international law]], right of the people to have themselves.
On the other hand, the reorganization of the catholic clergy without the authorization of papacy causes a deep division in the kingdom. [[Civil constitution of the clergy]] voted on July 12th, 1790 transforms to them [[bishop]] S and them [[cleaned]] S into civils servant elected and having to lend oath of fidelity to the Nation. This law is condemned by the pope, as well as [[the Declaration of the human rights and the citizen of 1789|Declaration of the Human rights and the Citizen]]. France is then divided into two: the rural world rather supports the refractory priests, those which refuse to lend oath to obey the pope, people of the cities rather the swearers, those which accept the oath with the Nation. The hostility of the king and a vast majority of the nobility to the changes is another basic element of division. Many noble emigrates forming at the German border an army of emigrants lends to intervene. Louis XVI wavers, hopes for the war and a French defeat to find his absolute capacity. This one is declared on April 20th, 1792 by the very new legislative assembly resulting from [[Constitution of 1791]], the first ever voted in France. The defeats of the first engagements and the invasion of the national territory have as a consequence the fall of monarchy, on August 10th, 1792 and the proclamation of the Republic, on September 22nd, 1792. Two days before September 20th, 1792, an army made up of young patriotic volunteers had stopped the Prussian advance with [[Valmy]]. If the military victory is tiny, its impact symbolic system is very strong.
==== Crises and success of the Republic ====
[[Image: Hinrichtung Ludwig of XVI.png|300px|thumb||Execution of Louis XVI on January 21st, 1793.]]
With the autumn the armies of the Revolution occupy the Austrian Netherlands, the left bank of [[the Rhine]], it [[States of Savoy|Savoy]] and [[Mulhouse]]. [[Georges Jacques Danton|Danton]] endorsed the theory of the natural borders and encourages well the wars of conquest far from the revolutionary ideal of release of the oppressed people. In Paris, the new assembly elected by the vote for all to vote a news [[constitution]], it [[national Convention|Convention]], is occupied by the lawsuit of the king as from December 1792. Its execution on January 21st, 1793 raises the indignation of Europe monarchist and involves the formation of the first coalition in February. The young republic quickly is attacked of all shares by united which cross the borders in spring 1793. As from March 1793, the west of France is the prey of a catholic and royalist insurrection, called [[war of the Vendée]]. [[The Gironde (French revolution)|Of Gironde]], the right wing of [[national Convention|Convention]], which directs the country since the proclamation of the Republic, want to respect the institutions in place and want to reduce [[Paris]] where the agitation and the pressures of [[sans-culottes]] are permanent, with 1/83 {{E}} of France. They make a point of maintaining institutions decentralized vis-a-vis the left wing of Convention who claims emergency regulations vis-a-vis the difficulties.
[[Image: Robespierre.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Robespierre, the heart of Terror]]
Under the pressure of the sans-culottes them [[the Gironde (French revolution)|Of Gironde]] are driven out [[national Convention|Convention]] by the revolutionary days of the May 31st and June 2nd, 1793. [[The Mountain (French revolution)|Mountain dwellers]] who form the most radical part of the assembly arrive at the capacity. They do not hesitate to satisfy certain claims of the Parisian people to keep the capacity and especially to save it the Republic threatened of chaos vis-a-vis carried out the counter-revolutionaries of the royalists in the Vendée and elsewhere, of the revolt of [[the Gironde (French revolution)|Of Gironde]] against the " '' Parisian dictatorship '' " called federalistic revolt and the projection of united on the French territory. [[The Mountain (French revolution)|Mountain dwellers]] found a revolutionary government, i.e. an extremely centralized government in which the decisions are made by a body resulting from [[national Convention|Convention]], It [[Committee of public hello]] dominated by the strong personality of [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]]. These extraordinary measurements must save the revolution by [[Terror (French revolution)|Terror]] (towards the enemies of the Republic) and the virtue (of the patriots). August 23rd, 1793, it [[levy in masse]] is issued. It is the first example in the French history of an obligatory conscription of all the unmarried young men. It is as the first time as the nation's economy is almost entirely turned towards the effort of war. This exceptional measure makes it possible to overcome the revolts and to release the borders as of the autumn 1793. The French Armies, ordered for the majority by generals resulting from the row, pass again to the offensive. The conquered areas become departments, that of Mont Blanc, the Alpes-Maritimes and theTerrible one (Mulhouse-Basle). In 1794, Belgium is reconquered as well as left bank of the Rhine. [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]] which wants to reinforce Terror, whereas the situation does not justify it any more is reversed on Thermidor 9 year II (July 27th, 1794) and is carried out the following day.
The Conventional ones put an end to this mode exception which was it [[Terror (French revolution)|Terror]]. They write a new constitution, that of [[Directory]], which shares the executive power between 5 directors and the legislative power between two assemblies. [[Vote censitaire]] is restored. But the constitution does not make it possible to solve the conflicts between the various capacities. [[Directory]] is thus a period of political instability where the multiple elections and the coups d'etat follow one another. The insecurity is very large as well as popular misery. On the other hand, on the external level, the conquests and the annexations are numerous. [[Belgium]] and part of Holland are transformed into 9 French departments the 1 {{er}} October 1796. Article '' France, the completion of the unit, 1789-1944 '' of Encyclopedia Universalis. In 1798, it is with the tower of left bank of [[the Rhine]] and of [[Geneva]] to be organized in 5 departments. The natural borders are largely reached. If it is added that them [[United Provinces]], it [[Swiss]] and it [[Italy]] are transformed into [[Republic sister|republics sisters]] with institutions copied on those of [[Directory]] and a pledged foreign politics with that of France, the natural borders are even exceeded.
If them [[Republic sister|republics sisters]] profit from the revolutionary assets like the suppression of feudality and the equality in right, they must provide requisitions and works of art, which quickly makes the presence French unpopular.
The lassitude of the French induced by the interior disorders makes it possible to the general [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to be favorably accommodated, when by [[the Coup d'etat of the 18 brumaire|coup d'etat of the 18 brumaire]] (November 9th, 1799), it puts an end to the Directory. This one is indeed very popular since its bright victories at the time of the countryside of Italy (1796-1798). It profits of more than powerful political supports. His/her brother [[Lucien Bonaparte]] is president of the council of the five hundreds, one of the two assemblies of the Directory. [[Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]] called upon him to reverse the mode and to thus be able to establish another the most stable. But as soon as it is with the capacity [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] confiscates it with its profit and establishes a personal mode it [[Consulate (French history)|Consulate]]
===Le [[Consulate (French history)|Consulate]] ([[1799]]) and it [[First Empire]] ([[1804]]) ===
[[Image: To bend - Installation of the Council of Etat.png|250px|thumb|left| The installation of the Council of State]]
Bonaparte quickly makes write a constitution, it [[Constitution of Year VIII]]. Napoleon is designated there as first consul thus fact with the head of [[executive]]. He has the capacity to name with the principal public office and he has the capacity of initiative of the laws and the budget. There are three consuls in all but the two others, [[Jean-Jacques Régis of Cambacérès|Cambacérès]] and [[Charles-François Lebrun|Lebrun]], have only one advisory capacity. Although Bonaparte has most of the legislative power, it takes care to create four assemblies but none is elected by the citizens. Their members are chosen by the first consul or the Senate, one of the four rooms. Among them one can announce to it [[Council of State (France)|Council of State]] which must prepare, write the bills and interpret the laws. It is at the origin of the council of Actual position. The vote for all is restored but there are no more elections. The French are just consulted for plebiscites. The personal capacity of Napoleon Bonaparte is reinforced by the constitution of Thermidor 16 year X (August 4th, 1802). He is consul with life and can name his successor of alive sound. The powers of the assemblies, already quite thin are reduced to the profit of the '' senatus consult '' act emanating from the Senate. The elections are restored but they are held with several degrees and only the 600 most imposed citizens can belong to the college départemental '' Institutions and political life '', French documentation, 2003. Moreover, the citizens do not choose representatives, they propose candidates in what is called " lists of confiance". Moreover public freedoms are removed, freedom of press, of meeting, censures in the edition and the theater.
Napoleon reinforces administrative centralization. As from 1800, it names with the head of each department, one [[Prefect of department|prefect]] and a sub-prefect by [[French District|district]]. It also takes care to name or make name the mayors. The prefects are charged to put an end to divisions born of the Revolution and to break all that remains local particularisms. The financial institutions and legal are organized same manner, the judges being named by the first Consul.
[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] financial stability restores gradually. It creates it [[Banque de France]] in 1800, the only institution with being able to emit currency. In 1803, the decree of Germinal, creates it Frankly [[(monetary unit)|frankly]], known as [[Frankly under the Revolution|frankly germinal]]. The coin of a franc is of an invariable weight of 5 G money. It will keep the same value until 1914. The promulgation of [[Civil code (France)|civil code]] of 1804 allows the completion of the unit of the country. This code, in project since 1789, milked of the family, the property and the contracts. It mixes the legal provisions written and the habits of the various areas in a text applicable to all the French. The law of September 16th, 1807, under the Empire thus, creates to it [[Court of Auditors (France)|Court of Auditors]], a centralized single body of control of the public accounts. The first consul puts also fine at the armed robbery and the insecurity of which suffered much from departments. In 1804, the French accept by [[plebiscite]] that Napoleon Bonaparte becomes hereditary emperor under the name of [[Napoleon i]]. It is known today that it chose the title of emperor not to put at back part of the population antimonarchist and by reference to Antiquity. It is only after blazing the victory of [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] on December 4th, 1805, which it plans to create a continental Empire.
[[Image: Hess Berezina.jpg|400px|thumb|right|The battle of Bérézina in 1812]]
Under the domination of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], France is almost without stop in war. In 1810, with the apogee of the Empire, it counts 130 departments which include Holland, part of Germany until [[Denmark]] and part of Italy. The annexations are mainly due to the need for Napoleon for making respect it [[continental blockade]] who aims at economically asphyxiating it [[the United Kingdom]] Moreover, one large many States are pledged in France, it [[Confederation of the Rhine]], the Swiss Confederation, kingdoms of Italy, of [[Naples]] and Spain. In very about half of Europe east under French influence. But this domination is disputed more and more. Indeed, France supports its economy at the expense of the vassal States. In 1812, to force Russia to respect to it [[continental blockade]] which it broke, Napoleon I {{er}} invades it. But it advances in a too imprudent way until [[Moscow]] and must carry out a retirement by undergoing the rigors of the winter and the attacks of the troops and the Russian partisans. It loses 90% of its manpower. The disaster of [[countryside of Russia]] in 1812-1813 precipitates the end of the great Empire. A new coalition is tied against France. In October 1813, following the defeat of [[Leipzig]], the French must evacuate Germany. [[Holland]] and it [[Spain]] are lost. In 1814, France is invaded. Napoleon abdicates in April and becomes king of [[isle of Elba]]. The brother of the king, the count of Provence becomes king under the name of [[Louis XVIII]]. France keeps its borders of 1792, i.e. it [[States of Savoy|Savoy]] and it [[county of Nice]] and can preserve all works confiscated abroad. But in 1815, [[Napoleon i]] flees of [[isle of Elba]] and returns to the capacity starting from March 20th until June 18th, 1815, date on which it is definitively overcome with [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] and sent in exile in [[Atlantic] the] Southern one, on [[island of Grey waxbill]]. France pays them hard [[hundred days]]. It must return most of plundered works and loses acquisitions of 1792 plus [[the Saar]]. It must moreover pay the maintenance of an occupying force of {{formatnum: 150000}} soldiers.
== the {{S|XIX|E}} (1815-1914) ==
=== It [[French Restoration|Restoration]] ([[1814]] - [[1830]]) and it [[monarchy of July]] (1830-1848) ===
{{detailed article|Second Restoration}}
[[Image: Louis-Philippe of Bourbon.jpg|left|thumb|Louis-Philippe Ier]]
The restoration is the period going of the fall of [[the First Empire|Worsen]] it [[April 6th]] [[1814]] with [[the Three Glorious ones|Revolution of 1830]]. [[The House capétienne of Bourbon|Bourbons]] return to the capacity. After [[First Restoration]] and the come to power of [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], Napoleon returns from his exile on the isle of Elba. The king flees of Paris for Ghent in Belgium. After [[Battle of Waterloo]], [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] returns to France, on July 8th, 1815 at the same time as the European armies arrive to France. June 4th, 1814, [[Louis XVIII]] granted a charter. This formulation means that the king voluntarily agree to limit his capacity. He consequently affirms the sovereignty of divine right of the monarch. So the charter of 1814 grants an important capacity to the king, personality " inviolable and sacrée" '' Institutions and political life '', French documentation, 2003. The initiative of the laws is reserved to him but those are voted by a Parliament made up of two rooms: the Room of pars appointed for lives by the king and of which the number is unlimited; the House of Commons elected for 5 years by the vote censitaire. The deputies manage to oblige the ministers to come to justify their policy in front of them and to answer their questions. In 1815, they are the deputies more the reactionaries, the " ultras" who obtain the majority and paradoxically it is them which into practice put the political responsibility of the ministers in front of the room, which the charter of 1814 did not provide.
With death, without heir to [[Louis XVIII]], his brother [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] succeeds to him. Contrary to his/her brother, this last did not understand that certain changes were irreversible. It is made crown in Rheims in 1825 in the pure tradition capétienne and tries to restore the Old Mode by supporting the nobility and Catholicism. It makes vote a law on the compensation for the noble emigrants during the Revolution and whose properties were sold like national goods. Another law, known as law on [[sacrilege]] punishes of dead the flight of the ciboria containing of [[host]] the S devoted or the profanation of these last. It is pressed on the extremists, i.e. the deputies in favor of one return to the Old Mode. But its policy reactionary runs up against the given opposition of the liberal middle-class. In 1830, the Polignac minister publishes four ordinances reactionaries. They envisage the re-establishment of [[censures]] for the press, the dissolution of the room, the modification of the poll tax to hold the right to vote with the land great landowners, the settlement of the date of the new elections. The publication of these ordinances on July 27th, 1830 causes a revolution known as of [[Three Glorious]] the in July 1830.
In covered Paris of barricades, one shouts lives the Republic or sharp the emperor. But in the slides of the capacity, the middle-class men moderated like [[Adolphe Thiers]] or [[Casimir Périer]], manage to impose the duke of Orleans like new sovereign. The elder branch of the royal family, that of [[the Bourbons (French dynasty)|Bourbons]], is thus replaced by the branch junior, that of Orleans. The liberal middle-class knew to use the popular revolution to put on the throne a king in conformity with his interests. The revolution of July thus does not constitute a rupture with the preceding mode. The principal change is the fact that national sovereignty replaces the sovereignty of divine right. This change appears in the title given to the king: [[Louis-Philippe Ier|Louis-Philippe]] becomes king of the French, i.e. it holds his capacity of the will of the people, whereas its predecessors carried the title of king de France. The room of the pars loses its influence. The Tricolor replaces the white flag definitively.
Under the reign of [[Louis-Philippe Ier|Louis-Philippe]], France starts to industrialize himself. The great middle-class dynasties, related on the banks or the large companies constitute and affirm their will to dominate the political life. [[Vote censitaire]] being very restricted, they are only, with the traditional aristocracy, with being able to vote and be elected with the House of Commons. That results in the appearance of two political parties, the conservatives, the representatives of the old nobility, and the liberals, the representatives of the business world. But these two groups get along on the conservation of the mode such as it is, since it serves their interests. The king is presented in the form of a good father of middle-class family but actually, it is an authoritative man and a skilful expert. The weakness of the electorate, the authority of the king and the revelation of a great corruption within the government end up discrediting the mode completely. Moreover, following bad harvests, the country undergoes a major economic crisis as from 1846. The republican opposition benefits from it to be agitated again.
[[Monarchy of July]] corresponds to the beginnings of the industrialization of France. The development of the railroads is spectacular. The Prime Minister [[Guizot]] lance the '' creed '' of a new business: “you enrich! ” The law [[Guizot]] of 1833 obliges each commune to maintain an elementary school. However the industrial revolution creates a new social class, that of the workmen in prey to misery. The socialist theories of [[White Louis]] and of [[Proudhon]] seek to cure the social injustices whose proletariat is the victim.
[[Monarchy of July]] is also marked by a new rise of [[French colonization]]. A minor diplomatic incident, a blow of range given by the dey of [[Algiers]] to the French consul in 1827, serves as a pretext for France for the conquest of Algiers in July 1830. Colonization gradually extends to all it [[Algeria]]. In 1842 the generals Binger, Crozat and Marchand launch out to the conquest of [[Ivory Coast]], but must face the resistance of [[Samory]].
=== Second Republic ([[1848]] - [[1852]]) ===
{{detailed article|Second Republic (France)}}
[[Image: Victor Schoelcher.jpg|right|thumb|Victor Schoelcher]]
In 1847, the opposition carried by a wave of dissatisfaction due to corruption with the mode in place and the economic crisis organize in all the country of the banquets to require the widening of the electorate. The right to meet not existing, the presence with these republican banquets makes it possible to the opponents with the mode to meet without enfreindre the law. February 22nd, 1848, the capacity prohibits the behavior of a banquet. This involves demonstrations which continue the following day. At this point in time the troop shoots at the demonstrators. When the news of this shooting is known, all popular Paris blazes up. The king abdicates the following day because he does not want to be responsible for a massacre of Parisian crowd. The insurrectionists retained the lesson of 1830. They require that republicans sit in the provisional government. This one even proclaims the Republic the evening. The second Republic starts.
The Second Republic definitively institutes it [[vote for all]] in France. It abolishes it [[slavery]] on proposal of [[Victor Schœlcher]]. This does not prevent the French Army from beginning the conquest of [[Senegal]] the same year. Under the pressure of the people and Socialists of the social measures are taken: proclamation of the right to work, limitation of day's work at 10 a.m. in Paris and 11 hours in province. National workshops are created to give work to Parisian touched by the economic crisis. But with the elections of April 1848, French mainly elects the moderate hostile ones with innovative measurements (500 deputies) or monarchists (300). The Socialists who defend the social measures are only one hundred. The provisional government which rises from this assembly decides to close the national workshops. Is Parisian revolts with the advertisement of this decision. The general [[Louis Eugene Cavaignac|Cavaignac]] is provided with the full powerss to subdue the rebellion. It breaks the rebellion in a blood bath after three days of combat of from June 23rd to 25th 1848. These " days of juin" discredit the young Republic. The workmen victims of repression ignore some, the peasants and having them are afraid of the social disorders and seek a stable and authoritative mode.
To decide new institutions the components take as a starting point the United States whose model was popularized by [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] in its book '' Of the democracy in America '' published in 1835. The constitution of November 4th, 1848 chooses to entrust the executive power to a president elected by the universal direct suffrage for one 4 years duration. It can be represented after a 4 years interval. As in the United States, the Parliament and the president are completely independent. But contrary to the United States the president does not have the right to veto.
[[Napoleon III|Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[Alphonse of Lamartine|Lamartine]], [[Louis Eugene Cavaignac|Cavaignac]] and the Socialist [[Raspail]] are candidates with the presidential election, the first with [[vote for all]] the '' male '' in France. The nephew of [[Napoleon i]] is elected for four years it [[December 10th]] [[1848]], with nearly 75% to the voices, exits in particular of [[party of the Order]], benefitting from the division of the lefts and the weakness of the educational level, certain peasants having believed to vote for [[Napoleon i]]. The new elected assembly in May 1849 is dominated by the monarchists. She follows an extremely preserving policy. She sends to Rome troops to maintain the pope in her Papal States threatened by the revolutionists. She votes it [[law Falloux]] which puts the school under the control of the Catholic church. May 31st [[1850]], the Parliament votes an electoral law which excludes from the electorate those which cannot justify three years of continuous residence in the same commune, which eliminates 3 million people of the electorate, mainly of the craftsmen and the seasonal workers. While being opposed to this reform, Louis-Napoleon has the appearance of a hero for the people.
With the beginning of the year [[1851]], [[Napoleon III|Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] request a revision of the constitution to allow him to represent itself as of the end of its mandate. In front of the refusal of the National Assembly, it carries out one thoroughly [[coup d'etat]] on December 2nd, 1851. December 2nd is indeed a date fetish for Bonaparte: [[Napoleon i]] was crowned one December 2nd and the following year it gained the bright victory of [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] on December 2nd, 1805, which it ratifies by one [[referendum]]. The second Republic finishes by an authoritarian regime.
=== Second Empire ([[1852]] - [[1870]]) ===
{{detailed article|Second Empire}}
[[Image: Franz Xaver Winterhalter Napoleon III.jpg|right|thumb|Napoleon III emperor|200px]]
The coup d'etat of December 2nd, 1851 involves few reactions. Only some personalities are opposed openly to the new mode. In fact the case of [[Victor Hugo]] leaves in exile in Guernesey from where it does not cease fustigating that it calls the small one Napoleon. The plebiscite of December 20th, 1851 gives to the new strong man the full powerss to write a new constitution. After new [[plebiscite]], he is proclaimed emperor under the name of [[Napoleon III]].
Napoleon sets up an authoritarian regime. Freedom of press is limited, the opponents are pursued. Practice of the official candidatures reduced the opposition to silence. Only some republicans manage to be made elect. But as the country profits from a good economic conjuncture, there are few protests.
From 1860, the Empire is liberalized. [[Napoleon III]] most of the support of the catholics lost because it helps the king of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]], [[Victor-Emmanuel II]] to carry out Italian, which goes against the interests of papacy. Moreover, the signature of a treaty of free trade with the United Kingdom, then first world, dissatisfied industrial power the industrialists who fear the competition of English products. The emperor thus seeks new supports while going towards the liberals and the popular classes. The right to strike is granted in 1864. The workmen have the right to constitute mutual aid funds. The legislative body obtains little by little rights. It can criticize the government, to vote the budget. It has even the initiative of the laws as from 1869. The second empire evolved little by little to a parliamentary mode, the ministers being responsible before the Parliament. This liberalization of the mode is approved massively by a plebiscite in May 1870. The empire seems consolidated on more democratic bases. It is however swept by the war free-Prussian in a few weeks.
The industrial takeoff of France is done under the second Empire. The credit is liberalized, the creation of limited liability company and of SA is facilitated. The State shows itself the example. Great work of modernization is undertaken in Paris under the crook of [[baron Haussmann]]. The Sologne and the Moors are improved.
On the international plan, France operates a spectacular return. [[Napoleon III]] is very influenced by the Napoleonean epopee. He wants to give to France a paramount role in Europe and in the world. In 1854 starts under the impulse of [[Faidherbe]] the conquest of Senegal. This one forms the famous ones [[Senegalese riflemen]]. France starts to be interested in Indo-China, thus weighs whole its weight in [[Crimean War]] at the sides of the British. The French troops intervene even with [[Mexico]] to support the archduke of Austria Maximilien which tries to found a great Latin and catholic empire there. The Mexican adventure is a failure. Maximilien is shot by the Mexican revolutionists. It supports the processes of Italian and German unit. In exchange of its good officess, France receives from the Italy young person them [[States of Savoy]] and it [[County of Nice]] integrated into France in 1861 after one [[plebiscite]] by the populations concerned. In exchange of its benevolent neutrality at the time of the war austro-Prussian of 1866, he claims territorial compensations that [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]], the Prussian chancellor refuses to grant to him. On the contrary, it multiplies the provocations towards France to push it to declare the war in Prussia. Following the publication of [[dispatch of Ems]], France declares the war at [[Prussia]] on July 19th, 1870. The empire can oppose only 265.000 men to the 500.000 Prussians and allied German. The war turns quickly to the disaster. August 6th, it [[Alsace]] is taken. Napoleon capitulates with [[Sedan]]. September 2nd, 1870. With this advertisement, the Parisian ones proclaim the republic on September 4th, 1870. Once again the imperial mode does not survive the defeat.
=== It [[Third Republic]] of 1870 to 1940 ===
====Des difficiles==== beginnings
The republic is born under difficult conditions. The provisional government decides to continue the war. The Germans quickly reach Paris which they besiege. Gambetta, Minister of Interior Department of the government of national defense leaves Paris in balloon to call the province with the levy in masse. But the troops thus made up do not manage to break Prussian surrounding. The city sudden of the regular bombardments and suffers from the lack of food. To allow Parisian not to fall into misery the government issues the moratorium of the debts and the rents. Weapons are distributed to the volunteers who form an national guard.
January 28th, 1871, the government must be solved to sign the armistice. The Germans let be held elections. Those give the majority to the monarchists. The new assembly signs a peace which cuts down the country by Alsace and the north of Lorraine and obliges the French to pay the winner a door amends war. Thiers, a former Prime Minister of Louis-Philippe is named chief of the executive power while waiting for that the assembly rules on the nature of the mode and her organization.
The Parisian ones which valiantly resisted during the head office of Paris, are scandalized by the armistice and the conditions imposed by Prussia. They are wary of an assembly monarchist which by fear of the revolutionary dangers prefers to settle in Versailles rather than in the capital. Whereas the economic situation of Parisian is always precarious, the provisional government repeals the moratorium of the rents and the debts. The Thiers March 18th, 1871 orders to disarm the Parisian ones. This advertisement starts a riot. Thiers withdraws capital and decides to take it again by the force. In Paris, the central committee of the national guards decides election of a municipal council. [The [Common one of Paris (1871)|Commune of Paris]] is set up starting from March 26th, 1871. Principal organizers of [[Common of Paris (1871)|Commune of Paris]] come from different horizons. They take radical measures to relieve popular misery: requisition of the residences, free, laic and obligatory instruction. They invent a participative democracy while making it possible to the citizens to intervene in the businesses of the commune. Beside claims resulting from the movement sans-culotte of 1793 like the anticlericalism and the respect of the freedom of conscience, of claims of the socialist type are carried by the insurrectionists with the judgment of militarism and capitalism.
The commune lasts only 70 days. May 21st, 1871, the troops of the government called the of Versailles ones by the communards invest Paris. Revolted carry out a desperate combat. They set fire to monuments like the palate of Tileries or the town hall to slow down the advance of the of Versailles one. After the execution of the archbishop of Paris by the communards, repression turns to the blood bath. Between 20.000 and 30.000 communards are carried out in one week. Thousands of revolted are sent in bagnes in Algeria or New Caledonia.
==== the installation of the institutions====
[[Image: Flow chart Third République.png|200px|thumb|right|Flow chart of the Third Republic]]
Born from the defeat, with the catches with the Parisian revolt, dominated during 5 years by an assembly monarchist, the Republic has few chances to survive. She owes her installation with the disagreement of the monarchists. Indeed the royalists are divided into two groups, them [[Legitimism|legitimists]], in favor of the descendant of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], it [[Henri d' Artois|count de Chambord]], and them [[Orléanisme|orleanists]]. After many negociations the orleanists and the legitimists get along on the name of [[the Henri d' Artois|count de Chambord]]. But the latter requires the re-establishment of the white flag, which refuses to them [[Orléanisme|orleanists]]. While waiting for it [[law Rivet]] gives the chief of the executive, [[Adolphe Thiers|Thiers]], the title of [[President of the French Republic|chair Republic]].
The republicans who proved thanks to the repression of [[Common of Paris (1871)|Commune of Paris]] that they are not revolutionists and can maintain the order, gain the majority of the bys-election. For want of anything better, them [[Orléanisme|orleanists]] break with [[the Legitimism|legitimists]] and adopt the idea of a republican mode. In 1875, a whole series of [[constitutional Laws of 1875|constitutional laws]] is voted. It will act as [[constitutional Laws of 1875|constitution]] throughout all [[third Republic]]. The republican mode is a bicameral parliamentary mode. The president of the Republic is elected for 7 years by the two rooms, the Senate and the National Assembly assembled in congress in Versailles. He is politically irresponsible. In 1876, the republicans gain the elections.
The president [[Patrice of Mac-Mahon|Mac-Mahon]], a convinced monarchist dissolves the new assembly but the country renews a Republican majority with the capacity. In front of impossibility of imposing its views on the two rooms, [[Patrice of Mac-Mahon|Mac-Mahon]] resigns in 1879. Its successor, the republican [[Jules Grévy]] voluntarily gives up exerting his constitutional prerogatives (mainly right of dissolution) and avoids intervening against the wishes of the Parliament. The president of the Republic thus confines himself with a representative function, leaving the capacity with the president of the Council and the Parliament. The presidents of IIIe République follow this practice. In 10 years France became republican.
==== the rooting of République====
[[Image: Degradation Alfred dreyfus.jpg|thumb|The degradation of [[Alfred Dreyfus]]]]
The republicans stick to enraciner the Republic by establishing great freedoms: the freedom and of meeting of the press in 1881, right to syndicate by [[law Waldeck-Rousseau]] of 1884, the possibility of divorcing the same year. The Republic obtains its great symbols: the bust of [[Marianne]], [[the Marseillaise]] which becomes again the national anthem in 1878 and on July 14th like national festival. At the same time, from the large republicans like [[Victor Hugo]] or [[Leon Gambetta]] receive has their death of the state funeral.
All these laws are partly the work of [[Jules Ferry]] which pursues three goals: to extend freedoms, to withdraw the school from the influence of the Catholic church and to raise France of the defeat thanks to [[colonization]]. However the name of [[Jules Ferry]] evokes for all the French the introduction of the free, obligatory and laic school. Indeed, to make the republic irreversible, the formation of young generations appears essential. However the school is placed since [[law Falloux]] under the authority of the Church which always showed an adversary of the Republic. [[Jules Ferry]] made vote a whole series of laws relating to the school question: creation of public lycées for young girls by [[Camille Sée]] in 1880 same if those do not make it possible to pass the baccalaureat, introduction of the laic and obligatory free school by [[the Laws Jules Ferry|laws Ferry]] of 1881-1882, laicization of personnel teaching of the public schools. The teacher becomes one of the pillars of the republic. It is with him that returns the duty to inculcate to the young pupils republican morals and the love of the fatherland.
The fight against the influence of the Church is a topic which allows the emergence of a new party on the left of the political chessboard, it [[Radical party valoisien|radical party]]. The attachment of the French to the Republic does not prevent this one from being shaken by many crises due to the rise of [[extreme right-hand side]] and [[nationalism]], it [[boulangism]] directed by the general [[Georges Boulanger]], the rise of [[anti-semitism]] and it [[Dreyfus business]]. These events shows that there exist two France, one preserving and revanchist, the other acquired with the revolutionary ideals and the social progress. They are finally the progressists who carry it. The republicans form a national government of union directed by [[Waldeck-Rousseau]] between 1899 and 1902.L' come to power of [[the Radical party valoisien|radical party]] in 1902 accentuates the laicization of the company. In 1904, the religious congregations do not have any more the right to teach and a great number of them are expelled of France. In 1905, under the impulse of [[president of the council]] [[Emile Combes]], the National Assembly votes to it [[Separation of the Church and the State in 1905|law of separation of the Church and the State]]. The ministers of religion cease being remunerated by the State. The movable and real goods of the worship are nationalized and placed at the disposal of religious pertaining to worship associations after an inventory of all the nationalized goods. In some areas, the inventories gave places to confrontations violent one between the catholics and the police force, but the phenomenon remains marginal even if it struck the spirits much. As from 1905, the religion becomes an private affair.
====La France coloniale====
[[Faidherbe]] form the famous ones [[Senegalese riflemen]] which will achieve the conquest of the areas of Niger in 1898 with officers like [[Joseph Gallieni|Gallieni]], Voulet-Canon, Sleeve-Lamy, Monteil and Gentil. The tribes Tuaregs will oppose a serious resistance. In 1872, France confers the statute of " common Frenchwoman of full exercice" in Saint-Louis, in [[Gorée]] and Dakar and in 1880 at the town of Rufisque. As from these dates, the inhabitants of these four communes are French citizens with all their rights and all their duties, represented in the parliamentary Assemblies of France. To all that will come to be added the conquest of Gabon, of Congo, of Mauritania, of Guinea, of the Upper Volta, of Chad, of Dahomey and Indo-China. In 1914 the French empire is then 22 times larger than the Hexagon
* The colonial conquests are carried out partly for economic reasons, to bring raw materials of the territories colonized to French industry, to create outlets thanks to the colonats or with colonized and are made under the pressure of colonial lobbies like '' French Africa '' or '' French Asia '' in which one finds bankers, business men, journalists, members of Parliament and soldiers. The protests against this colonial expansion are numerous therefore one will set up a racist propaganda to show the founded good of colonization; France brings “civilization” to the people " sauvages" but also a romantic vision of Asia or Africa. The colonial exposure of 1931 saw the rebuilding of the temple of Angkor Vat in Paris, but also of the human zoos. On the whole this exposure attracted about 8 million visitors (including 1 million foreigners).
== From one war to another ==
{{detailed article|First World War}}
[[Image: WW1 TitlePicture For Wikipedia Article.jpg|right|thumb|The First World War|250px]]
[[Image: Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg|thumb|left|Soldiers [[Australia]] NS carrying of the gas masks. [[Ypres]], [[1917]]]]
The Great War is an element pivot of the French history. The {{XXe century}} emerges from this conflict except standards which sees the victory of Allied over the forces of the central empires. One awaited a lightning war, made fast movements (train obliges), but it is on the contrary a war of position and trenches.
With leaving the Great War, France is victorious but bloodless following the human, financial and material sacrifices conceded during the war. The joy of (on) living then takes the step over the dark moments of the war: they are them [[Mad years]]. All, or almost, appears possible at this period for the town easy people (the great majority of the French of the time are still villager-farmers who have other concern to have fun, as for example to ensure harvest after the men of the family returned wounded or died on the battle field).
In [[1929]], with the stock exchange crash of Wall Street, the American capitalist economic system crumbles, involving in its wake many other Western economies. Because of its agricultural sitted solid and while being based on its colonial empire, France is touched only in [[1932]] by this crisis which never reaches the extremes observed with [[the United States]] or in [[Germany]]. Until 1932, France regards itself as " a small island of prosperity in an ocean of misère". Less touched than its neighbors, France, like the United Kingdom, thus avoids the slip towards a narrow nationalism on which forge it [[Fascism]] and it [[Nazism]]. With against current of this evolution, France obtains even a left government in [[1936]], it “[[Popular front (France)|Popular front]]”. Significant progresses are to be recorded as regards social rights (paid vacations with the first chief), but France tries however to remain neutral vis-a-vis the upheavals in progress in Europe, [[Civil war Spanish|War of Spain]] in particular. This frame of mind of neutrality is found until in [[1938]] with the signature of the agreements of Munich authorizing [[Adolf Hitler]] to make control on [[Czechoslovakia]]. Peace at all costs was then the watchword, but the signature of the agreements of [[Munich]] mark the last concession made with Hitler by the diplomacies Frenchwoman and British, more than ever plain on these subjects.
One should not forget only if France seems to be less subjected to the extremes of the crisis, she there enlise and will spend much more time than the United States or the United Kingdom to be left there. Contrary to these the last two countries, it will not be able to set up policies of revival ([[New Deal]] at the United States for example), which will handicap it. She will thus remain very marked by this crisis, and will only leave there very tardily.
=== It [[Second world war]] ([[1939]] - [[1945]]) ===
After having declared the war it [[September 3rd]] with [[Germany]] following its entry in [[Poland]], it [[France]] tries with [[the United Kingdom]] helping to it [[Norway]] victim of the same German attack; without convincing success. This '' [[funny of war]] '' where it does not occur large-thing on the face ends it [[May 10th]] [[1940]] with an offensive flash ([[blitzkrieg]]) of [[the Axis Rome-Berlin|Center]] which conquers the country (directly the northern part) in five weeks. The words are too weak to report the frame of mind of [[French]] and even of the rest of the world at the time of this collapse. “The Abyss”, to begin again [[De Gaulle]], appears most coherent. Indeed, before the release of the hostilities, France had, on paper, most powerful [[army]] of the world… But the chief of [[staff]] French [[Philippe Pétain]], who could have modernized so much is little his army and to mobilize it correctly to resist German invasion did not do anything whereas the chief of the government had held it informed of the military situation in addition to [[the Rhine]]. Convinced that the war which prepares will be a " [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]] bis" , it makes build it [[Maginot Line]] along the Franco-German border (it would have liked to also build it along the Belgian border but the king [[Léopold III of Belgium|Léopold III]] wanted preserved the neutrality of its country). The Germans could thus invade it [[Belgium]] and then sink on France certainly courageous and whose soldiers fought as much as they could but disabled it because not prepared.
====Gouvernements competitor of the Mode of Vichy and France libre====
{{detailed article|Mode of Vichy|Free France}}
[[Image: Of Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|De Gaulle, chief of French resistance with Jean Moulin|150px]]
Victory [[Germany|allemande]] imposed to the French a government altered for the circumstance: [[July 10th]] [[1940]], it [[Mode of Vichy|Vichy government]] was set up. The country, amputee of [[Alsace-Lorraine]], was plundered either directly or while having to pay a strong allowance of occupation, underwent bombardments and built blockhouses. Most of its lifeblood was captive and with the forced labor in [[Germany]] ([[Service of obligatory work|STO]]). A pretense of sovereignty, “it [[French State (Mode of Vichy)|French state]]” was tolerated during two years.
On its side the general [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]] opposes the armistice announced on June 17th by [[the Philippe Pétain|Pétain marshal]] and launches his famous [[call of June 18th]] to French people, via the radio [[BBC]] since [[London]], incentive with the rallying at the sides of the British allies in order to continue the fight to the death against [[the Nazi Germany|Nazis]]. De Gaulle fears a blood bath in the event of popular revolt in France and it will never call with the resistances armed in the Hexagon preferring to privilege the missions of information, vital for the final victory. It consequently takes the head of [[free France]] which rests on [[Free French Army]]. Obtaining the fast rallying several French colonial possessions, especially in [[Africa]], France remains quite present in the combined camp, by continuing the combat on the various faces.
== France since 1945 ==
=== It [[Provisional government of the French Republic]] ([[1944]] - [[1946]]) ===
[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] had planned to put France under supervision of the American administration. De Gaulle refuses this situation and, it [[June 14th]], he declares: “We fight at the sides of the allies, with the allies, like an ally. And the victory which we will gain will be the victory of France”. In fact, the Americans déchantent quickly, and as of the mid- one [[June 1944]], de Gaulle asserts himself on all like the extremely French man. Even Roosevelt which hated de Gaulle solves to receive it in large pumps in Washington in July [[1944]]. De Gaulle gained the part and strong of the secret agreement concluded with [[Winston Churchill]] the {{date|7|August|1940}}, France well quickly finds its position of “great power”.
End [[August 1944]], the Provisional government of [[Charles de Gaulle]] takes a lead in the ground. It is composed of [[the French Communist party|Communists]], of [[the French Section of the International worker|Socialists]] and of [[the gaullism|gaullists]]. The engagement of the French Communists in resistance, the courage of the Soviet soldiers and the final victory of [[the Union of the Soviet socialist republics|The USSR]] and of the allies get to the Communist leaders an important prestige in the public opinion. It will be necessary to wait mid-October so that it is officially recognized by [[the United States]]. The provisional government ([[GPRF]]) grants in particular the right to vote with the women it [[April 21st]] [[1944]], in article 17 of [[ordinance of Algiers]]: they will vote for the first time at the municipal elections of [[April 29th]] and [[May 13rd]] [[1945]].
The provisional government then will be led by [[Felix Gouin]] and [[Georges Bidault]].
=== It [[Fourth Republic|IV {{E}} Republic]] ([[1946]] - [[1958]]) ===
[[Image: Vincent Auriol.jpg|left|thumb|[[Vincent Auriol]], first president of the {{IVe}} Republic]]
In [[1946]], the provisional government yielded the place to the Fourth Republic, founded by a new constitution approved by [[referendum]]. But internal tensions following [[purification]] and divergences concerning the colonial problems in [[French Indo-China|Indo-China]] and in [[Algeria]] led to successive crises, and several cabinet reshuffles.
[[Vincent Auriol]] ([[1947]] - [[1954]]) was the first president of [[the Fourth Republic|IV {{E}} Republic]]. [[Rene Coty]] succeeded to him (1954- [[1958]]).
The parliamentary mode of the Fourth Republic allows however the installation of serious programmes of rebuilding and modernization of France. It is at this period that the famous ones [[Thirty Glorious]] take their sources.
As regards foreign politics, France submits itself to the Americans completely, accepting even the maintenance of the American bases on the national territory. In [[1956]], the Fourth Republic receives an ultimate American slap at the time of the Franco-British intervention on [[Suez Canal]]…
[[Constitution of 1946]] creates the French Union. The Union, in addition to the metropolis, includes/understands formed Algeria of three departments (Algiers, Oran and Constantine) and the territories of the south (the Sahara), the overseas departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, Guyana), the overseas territories (ex-AEF, AOF, Oceania), the territories associated (Cameroun and Togo) and the associated States (Indo-China, Morocco, Tunisia). It is necessary to add there: Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon, the French coast of Somalis, Madagascar and the Comoros, the Ad3elie coast, counters of the Indies and protectorates on Syria and Lebanon. More 12 000 000 km ² in very divided into colonies, protectorates and states under mandat.
the political statute of each territory rise from the history and the conditions of the conquest.
Au shortly after the war of the cracks apparaissent.
La decolonization will be marked by two great conflicts.
====La [[war of Indo-China]] ====
[[Image: French-foreign-legionary-indochina-1954.gif|thumb|200px|[[Foreign legion|Legionaries]] in [[French Indo-China]] in [[1954]]]]
As of [[1940]], Japanese who occupies French Indo-China encourages the movement of decolonization which will succeed it [[September 2nd]] [[1945]] with the proclamation of the independence of [[Vietnam]] by [[Ho Chi Minh]]. From [[years 1950]], it [[Vietnamese soldier-minh]], communist nationalist movement of inspiration is helped by the USSR and communist China. In the context of the cold war, France is placed at the first world rank of the fight against the communist projection to Asia. The Indochinese conflict develops and develops in a general context of indifference for this remote and ruinous war.
In [[1954]], the Navarre general, commander-in-chief of the French forces in Indo-China, hoping to attract the Vietnamese soldier-minh on a ground where it could fight it in a traditional way, concentrates his troops in the basin of [[Diên Biên Phu]]. The fortified camp from Diên Biên Phu, ordered by the general of Castries, comprises the best units of the task force. After 55 days of engagements, the French, exhausted by eight years of guerilla carried out by the Giap general, are drowned under a flood of fire. This exceptional power is fed by the mobilization of a whole people. Diên Bi