Frederic III of Denmark

Frederic III (Haderslev, March 18th 1609 - Copenhagen, February 9th 1670), in Danish Frederik 3. (and not “Fredrik” nor “III”).

He is king of Denmark - Norway of February 28th 1648 with his death in 1670. He belongs to the dynasty of the Oldenbourg ( Oldenborgske slægt in Danish), started with Christian I {{er}}.

Currency: “The Lord is my Providence” ( Herren mig er forsyn ).

Wire junior by Christian IV (1577 - 1648), king de Danemark and Norway, and of Anne-Catherine, it succeed her father in 1648, his older brother having died in June 1647.

October 1st 1643 with Glückstadt, it marries Sophie-Amélie, princess of Brunswick-Lunebourg, girl of the duke Georges of Brunswick-Luneburg and Anne-Éléonore, princess of Hesse-Darmstadt.
They will have eight children, including five girls:

It also had an illegitimate son with Margarethe Pape, Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve.

Biography

Frederic III of Denmark was a reserved prince, enigmatic, who seldom laughed, spoke little, wrote little.

Youth of the future Frederic III of Denmark

Its position like youngest wire of Christian IV of Denmark deeply influenced its future life. During its childhood and its adolescence, he was not the heir to the throne of Denmark, consequently, he became the instrument of his father in his desire of expansion in Germany. Whereas he was still young man, he became bishop of Bremen, bishop of Verden, coadjutor of Halberstadt. At the eighteen years age, it was promoted commander-in-chief of the fortress of Stade. Thus, dice its more young age, it acquired a considerable experiment as administrator. It always had a very marked taste for the literary and scientific studies.

October 1st 1643, Frederic III of Denmark married Sophie Amélie of Brunswick-Lunebourg, an energetic woman, impassioned, to the ambitious character, this union assigned not only the destiny of Frederic III, but also the destiny of Denmark.

During the war which opposed Denmark to the Sweden in 1643 - 1645), Frederic II of Denmark was named ordering duchies by his father, it gained few victories, the main cause fell on quarrels which opposed it to the marshal Anders Bille, commander-in-chief of the Danish forces. It was its first confrontation with the Danish nobility which always considered Frederic III of Denmark with mistrust.

Frederic II king of Denmark

Its reign is marked by internal conflicts and the fight for supremacy at sea Baltique.

The death of his/her older brother Christian, in June 1467 opened for Frederic III a prospect concerning the succession with the Danish throne. The question was still outstanding when Christian IV of Denmark died the February 28th 1648. Until the July 6th 1648, the subjects of Frederic III of Denmark refused to lend homage to him. This one took place when Frederic III of Denmark signed a charter by which it reduced the royal prerogative.

Frederic III of Denmark was a prince reserved, enigmatic, seldom laughing, speaking little, writing even less. A contrast with Christian IV of Denmark. Frederic III of Denmark did not have impulsive and jovial qualities of his father, but had with an high degree the virtues of moderation and self-control. He was an enthusiastic collector, he founded the royal Library of Copenhagen in 1648.

The first years of its reign were remembered by a secret resistance against the two most powerful men of the kingdom: Korfits Ulfeldt and Hannibal Schested, both were dislocated their functions in 1651. Korfits Ulfeldt was exiled in Sweden where he became a traitor, Hannibal Schested made a return in favor in 1660.

War of Denmark against Sweden

Frederic III of Denmark rightly regarded as a source of danger to Denmark the accession with the throne of Charles X Gustave the June 6th 1654. He estimated that the temperament and the policy of Charles X Gustave of Sweden were combined to cause the aggressiveness of king de Suède, only uncertainty was: in which direction would be turned the arms of Charles X Gustave of Sweden in first?

Charles X Gustave of Sweden invades the Poland in July 1654, it was soulagment for the Danes, even if the war were full with latent dangers to Denmark. The Risgsdag meets the February 23rd 1657 and granted readily considerable subsidies for the military mobilization and expenditure. The April 23rd 1657, Frederic III of Denmark accepted the opinion of the majority of the Rigsraad to attack the Swedish dominions in Germany. Beginning May 1557, Frederic III of Denmark awaited the rupture of the negotiations and on July 1st 1657 it signed proclamation justifying the war, this conflict was never officially declared.

Charles X Gustave of Sweden reversed all the plans of his enemies while crossing the small one and the large belt of ice (the large Belt and the small Belt) to reach the island of Zeeland Danish in January and February 1658. The effect of this enormous success was crushing for the Danish government. Yielding to the authorities of the French, Charles X Gustave of Sweden agreed to mutilate instead of annhiler Danish monarchy. Frederic III of Denmark signed the treaty of Toaastrup, the February 18th 1658 the Traité of Roskilde, more known under his Scandinavian name of peace of Roskilde , delivering to the king Sweden his possessions of the south of the Scandinavian peninsula.

The conclusion of peace was followed of a surprising episode. Frederic III of Denmark expressed the desire to become acquainted with conquering sound. Charles X Gustave of Sweden agree to be the guest of the king of Denmark during three days. It was accepted with the Château of Frederiksborg of the March 3rd to the March 5th 1658. Splendid banquets took place until late in the night, of the conversation private were held between the two sovereigns who left a mortal combat just.

Sit of pushed back Copenhagen

But Charles X Gustave of insatiable Sweden of conquests, suspicious towards Denmark invades this last without reasonable reason, without declaration of war, with the contempt of all the international laws into force at that time, it unloaded with Korsør on the island of Zeeland (Denmark) the July 17th 1658. Nobody had envisaged the possibility of this sudden and brutal attack, nobody was unaware of in Denmark that the Danish capital was very badly strengthened and had a weak garrison.

Fortunately, Frederic III of Denmark never had deficiency in his courage. “I will die in my nest” such were the memorable words with which it réprimanda the advisers who recommended safety to him. The August 8th 1658, the representatives of each class in the capital exhorted with the need for a vigorous resistance and the citizens of Copenhagen directed by the mayor Hans Nansen protested of their inébranlable honesty towards the king and their determination to defend Copenhagen until the extremity. The Danes were alerted three days before the approach of the danger, the vast ones and decayed lines of defense comprised only two miles defenders. But the government and the people showed memorable and exemplary energy under the monitoring of the king, the queen and the mayor Hans Nansen. At the beginning of September 1658, all the infrastructures were repaired, the walls and the guns installed and seven-miles men-at-arms were laid out. The city was so strongly strengthened that Charles X Gustave of Sweden renonça to launching the attack on Copenhagen and began the seat. Thereafter it converts the seat into maritime blockade preventing the restocking of the Danish capital by the fleet Dutchwoman. The naval defeat of the Øresund the October 29th 1658 forced Charles X Gustave of Sweden to put an end to the blockade of the capital damoise, it ends up entirely giving up the seat. Charles X Gustave of Sweden prepared another attack against Denmark when he died in 1660. The Netherlanders then helped with the release of the Danish islands in 1659. Thus Copenhagen saved Danish monarchy.

Absolute monarch

Frederic III of Denmark benefitted from the defense of the shared interests of the country and the dynasty. The traditional honesty of the Danes of the middle-classes was transformed into an enthusiasm overflowing for the king, for a short period Frederic III of Denmark was the most popular man in his kingdom. It made use of its popularity to carry out the dream of its life, it founded the absolute monarchy in 1660.

Under the reign of Frederic III the absolute capacity is established in Denmark. During the War Thirty Year old, monarchy (Christian IV) economically becomes dependant on the large Dutch tradesmen by loans excorbitants. It is necessary for him thus to be combined politically with the group of the tradesmen, which has as a result that the capacity of the nobility also politically weakens as much as economically. In an assembly of the states with Copenhagen in 1660, the king Frederic III and the large tradesmen succeed in seizing the power.

The absolute capacity remains until 1849, where, under the reign of the king Frederic VII, the constitution known as democratic is promulgated.

During the ten last years of its reign its popularity declined, consolidated monarchy it tried to bandage the wounds of the war. The administration changed, from new men came in gourvernement, this one was marked by a competition between the ministers and the advisers like Hannibal Schested and Christophe Gabel. During this period (Kongeloven) (Lex Regia), the Danish constitution of the absolute monarchy was written (1665). Copenhaque became a garrison town and the defense of the country was reinforced.

In 1665, Frederic III of Denmark on the occasion to render the service rendered by the Netherlanders in 1558 and 1559 by preventing the English from taking the cargo Dutchwoman coming from the the Indies Orientales. The fleet of the Netherlands found refuge in Norway, the English persuédèrent Frederic III of Denmark to divide the cargo with them, but before the Danish fleet did not reach Bergen, the commander of the fortress had already conveyed the English ships, the August 2nd 1665 took place the battles of Vågen which saw the defeat of the English.

Died and burial of Frederic II of Denmark

Frederic II of Denmark died on February 9th, 1670 with the castle of Copenhagen, it was buried in the cathedral of Roskilde.

Genealogy

Frederic II of Denmark belongs to the first branch of the Maison of Oldenbourg. This line gave kings to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, it died out in 1863 with the death of Frederic VII of Denmark.

Internal bonds

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