Francis Bacon - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626), is a Baron de Verulam, Viscount of St Albans, statesman and Philosophe English and one of the pioneers of the modern scientific thought.

Biography

He was member of the House of Commons in England before becoming Solicitor General, public prosecutor, Lord guard of the royal seals and finally chancellor at the 57 years age.

The reign of Elisabeth (1561-1603)

Bacon was born the January 22nd 1561, with York House, in the Strand where his/her father, to sir Nicolas Bacon (1509 - 1579) had a residence. This last was Lord Keeper (Lord Garde Large Seal) during twenty years. The mother of Bacon, Anne Cooke, was the second woman of Nicolas Bacon.

Bacon was sent, at the twelve years age (April 1573) to the Université of Cambridge. It was pointed out as of its childhood by the precocity of its genius, and conceived early the intention reforming sciences; but it was diverted a long time of this project by the care of its fortune. In its youth, it accompanied the Ambassadeur by England in France at the court of Henri III. Recalled in its country by the death of his father, it was made receive lawyer, and successfully delivered to the study Jurisprudence. Preferring nevertheless the career of the public affairs, it stuck to the Count d' Essex, and became member of the House of Commons (1592). Though he had agreed, to reconcile the favor of Elisabeth, to justify the judgment of the unhappy Essex, its guard, he accepted from it only the honorary title of council or extraordinary Avocat of the queen.

Bacon Legal consultant of the King (1607-1618)

After the death of Elisabeth, Jacques Ier, which loved the scientists, raised Bacon with the honors quickly; it named it successively Solicitor General (1607), then Attorney General (1615), member of the private council (1616), Minister of Justice (1617), and finally large chancellor (1618); it did it moreover Baron de Vérulam and Vicomte of Saint-Alban.

Bacon strongly assisted the efforts of the king to link the kingdoms of England and Scotland, and made useful reforms. But he had hardly exerted during two years the functions of large chancellor who it was shown by the Communes to be let corrupt, by accepting money for concessions of places and privileges. The reason of its political fall is an accusation of corruption towards the court of Chancellerie in 1621.

According to several authors, Bacon was a rosicrucian who had had contentions with the Venetian elites. It was also stigmatized for its manners. Simon d' Ewes, a contemporary of the chancellor, held a newspaper. At dated May 3rd, 1621, whereas Bacon is in the political difficulties, it makes a detailed account of the homosexuality of its adversary: “ It did not give up the practice of this terrible secret sin of sodomy, preserving at its sides this Godrick, young fellow with the effeminatized face, like catamite and companion of bed, whereas it had thanked all his other servants almost; what it is advisable to admire, because the man, after his fall, generally puts himself to discourse on this crime against nature, although he practiced it many years, serving the bed of his lady, that he estimated, like the Turks and the Italians, being a small and negligible pleasure compared with the other .”

Lawsuit and Judgment (1621)

Bacon was consequently condemned by the Cour of the pars to being imprisoned in the Tour of London and paying a fine of 40 000 pounds sterling; it moreover private of all its dignities, and was excluded from the public office (1621). He admitted his fault, accepted a fine and gave never again the feet to the Parliament. By this severe sentence, the Parliament did not want to so much strike Bacon, whose crime was far from being as large as it was done, that to reach the favorite of Jacques, George Villiers de Buckingham, whose weak chancellor was the creature and of which it had too easily tolerated the embezzlements. On the other hand, it could be that it was victim of the political blows in the medium of the English court. At the end of a few days, the king returned freedom to him, and made him given of the fine.

The last years (1621-1626)

A few years after, the king raised it of all the incapacities pronounced against him (1624). However Bacon remained since its disgrace far away from the businesses, and it devoted the last years of its life to its philosophical work. He died in 1626, following experiments of Physique which he had made with too much heat. About to die, he writes with Lord Arundel: “Milord, it was in my destiny to finish like Pline Old the, which died to be too approximate of Vesuvius, in order to in better observing the eruption. I occupied myself with heat of one or two experiments on the hardening and the conservation of the bodies, and all made a success of me with wish, when, way making it took to me, between London and Highgate, a so great vomiting, that I do not know if I must allot it to the stone, with an indigestion, cold or to all the three unit. ” (quoted by Jean-Baptiste Vauzelles, History of the life and the works of François Bacon, 1833, volume II, p. 190)

One can read his biography in the book of Gaukroger. Theses discussed supported by in first by Elizabeth Wells Gallup then by the General Cartier in a problem of Cryptography and History, (Mercure de France, Paris, 1938 (4th edition)) seek showed that Francis Bacon and Shakespeare do only one. Their principal detractors are William Friedman and his Elizebeth wife, in " The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined".

Its work

In addition to to have made career in right and policy, Francis Bacon contributed to science, philosophy, the history and the literature. Adversary of the Scholastic, he is the father of the Empirisme. During the study of the false reasoning, its best contribution was in the doctrines of the idols . Moreover, he writes in the Novum Organum that knowledge comes us in the form of objects from the nature, but which one imposes our own interpretations on these objects. According to Bacon, our scientific theories are built according to the way in which we see the objects; the human being is thus skewed in its declaration of assumptions.

The prophetic idea of Francis Bacon was to institutionalize a form of experimental training in order to form a class of experimental scientists having the means of quérir the capacity.

He formulated in 1597, the famous equation, Nam and ipsa scientia potestas is , that one can translate by “Indeed the knowledge itself is to be able”, more known in its modern form: “To know, it is canto be able”.

He invented a code for Chiffrer diplomatic messages.

He prepared the diagram of a universal Langue.

Quotations

“One orders with nature only while obeying to him. ” ( Natura enim not nisi parendo vincitur )
“nature is a public woman, we owe MATER, to penetrate its secrecies and to connect it according to our desires. ”
“To know, it is to be able” ( Scientia and potentia humana in idem coincidunt, quia ignoratio causæ destituit effectum in Novum Organum , 1620 or Nam and ipsa scientia potestas are in Meditationes Sacræ, De Hæresibus , 1597).
" There is no exquisite beauty without a certain strangeness in the proportions."

Works of Bacon

It left writings on jurisprudence, the policy, the History, morals and philosophy. These are especially the latter which made it famous. They all are included/understood in a vast work that the author names Instauratio magna , and who was to be composed of six parts: the review of sciences, new method, the collection of the facts and the observations, art to apply the method to the facts collected, provisional results of the method, final results or philosophy second. Of these six parts, three only were carried out ( Of dignitate and augmentis scientiarum , Novum Organum ), in various treaties which carry the title of Natural history , such as the Sylva Sylvarum , the Historia quickly and morlis , the Historia ventorum , the Historia densi and rari . It remains on the other parts only of the incomplete outlines. Bacon is regarded as the father of experimental philosophy: the fundamental idea of all its work is to make, like it says it, a restoration of sciences, and to substitute for the vain assumptions and the subtle argumentations which were then of use in the school the observation and the experiments which make known the facts, then a legitimate induction, which discovers the natural laws and the causes of the phenomena, while being based on the greatest possible number of comparisons and exclusions.

It also left some philosophical opuscules, which were published in 1653 by Isidor Gruter with Amsterdam, under the title of Scripta in naturali and universali philosophia , 1 vol. in-18; Speech , which he had pronounced, either like solicitant and Attorney General, or like member of the Parliament, and finally a great number of Lettres which throw much day on its life and its character.

1597 : Meditationes Sacræ, De Hæresibus . Treaty of theology approaching the heresy.
1597 : Tests of morals and policy . These tests enjoy a great reputation (published initially in English, in 1597, then in Latin, under the title of Sermones faithful , 1633)
1603: De Interpretatione Naturae Proœmium
1605: Of dignitate and augmentis scientiarum The Advancement off Learning ( Of the progress and the promotion of the knowledge , Gallimard, 1991, ISBN 2070721418). Appeared initially in English in 1605, then in Latin in 1623.
1607: Cogitata and Visa
1609: Of sapientia veterum (a small treaty)
1620: Novum Organum appeared in Latin, where the author exposes a new logic whom he opposes to the antique method of Aristote
1622: Exemplum Tractatus de Justitia Universali, sive of Fontibus Juris
1622: Historia ventorum
1622 : History of Henri VII (in English; 1638, in Latin).
1627 : New Atlantis , Atlantis nova , clever philosophical Utopia, ( News Atlantis , Flammarion, 1995, ISBN 2080707701)
1627: Sylva Sylvarum , in Posthumous English,
1658: Historia densi and rari
1662: Historia quickly and morlis
On the prolongation of the life and the means of dying , Shores, 2002

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