France since 1945 - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Provisional government (1944-1947)

The French Committee of the national Release (CFLN), political body of the Résistance declares Provisional government of the French Republic the June 2nd 1944. Chaired by Charles de Gaulle, he assumes the reality of the capacity starting from the end of the summer 1944, following the Libération of France. Composed of communist, socialist and gaullists, it declares null and not avenues all the decisions of the Régime of Vichy, which it regards as an illegal bracket in the operation of the State. It continues the war and organizes the purification. The October 21st 1945, it establishes a constituent assembly, charged to reform the institutions. The January 20th 1946, Charles de Gaulle resigns, following a persistent dissension with the communist ministers.

The IVe Republic (1946-1958)

A first project of Constitution is rejected by Référendum the May 5th 1946. A new constituent assembly is elected the June 2nd and the constitution is definitively adopted by referendum the October 13rd 1946.

The Fourth Republic carries out the rebuilding of France, very touched by four years of occupation, and makes certain decisions which will mark the history:

right to vote of the women (ordinance of the April 21st 1944). The women will vote for the first time in 1945.
creation of the National school of administration
installation of the Social security and the family benefits
signature of the the Treaty of Rome, first base of the European Union
rebuilding of the country of 1945 to 1950: bombarded cities (Le Havre, Brest, Rouen, Caen), economic infrastructures and of transport.

IVe republic is however characterized by an instability of the governments, (on average a new government every six months) unable to collect a support of the Parlement.

One of the causes of this instability is often charged to a Constitution where the poll proportional does not allow the release of a clear and stable majority (current example of country such as Israel).

The two presidents of the Fourth Republic are Vincent Auriol, socialist former minister for the Popular front and Rene Coty, classified at the center right. The Fourth Republic is marked by the two principal wars of decolonization which France knew: the War of Indo-China and the War of Algeria.

End of IVe Republic and birth of Ve

The war of Algeria involves a major political crisis. Since mid-April of the year 1958, France struggles in a governmental crisis. The chief of the government, Pierre Pflimlin, tries to obtain the nomination of the National Assembly. May 13rd, of the demonstrators invade the general government of Algiers. They create " Committees of hello public" with an aim of safeguarding " Algeria française". The authority of the government is not respected any more in Algeria but also in France. The threats of insurrection or takeover by force decide the Parliament to invest Pierre Pflimlin but it is without real capacity so much the crisis is deep. Politicians claim the return to the business of Charles de Gaulle. This one lays down conditions on its return: adoption of legal procedures to change the completely paralyzed institutions, and the means of controlling. The May 31st 1958, Pierre Pflimlin, President of the council, resigns and on June 1st the National Assembly invests the government of the Général de Gaulle by 329 votes against 224. It obtains the full powerss to restore the good performance of the public authorities. the constitutional law of June 3rd, 1958 authorizes it to work out a constitution project with 5 basic principles to respect: vote for all, the separation of the executive powers and legislature, the responsibility for the Government before the Parliament, the independence of the authority judicaire and finally, measurement of circumstance, the organization of the relationship between the Republic and people of Overseas. The law provides that a constitutional advisory committee, composed of 26 members of Parliament and 13 personalities named by the Government must be consulted after the drafting of the project. The French must them also be consulted by referendum. At the time of the referendum of September 28th, 1958, 66% of the French approve the text which gives rise to Ve République. The Constitution is promulgated on October 4th, 1958. De Gaulle is elected president of the Republic on December 21st of the same year. By a college of approximately 80.000 Great Electors mainly resulting from the rural world. It is partly to find a solution with the underrepresentation of urban France that De Gaulle proposes in 1961, to modify the mode of election of the president of the Republic so that this one is elected by the vote for all. It decides to use the procedure of direct referendum envisaged by article 11 of the Constitution, without passing by the procedure of contitutionnelle revision of article 89 which lays down initially the agreement of the Parliament. Irritated not to be consulted, the Parliament puts Control it in minority. De Gaulle then decides to dissolve the Parliament in order to proceed to new legislative elections. The French vote massively for an election of the president by the vote for all and the law is promulgated on November 6th, 1962.

De Gaulle realized quickly that it was not possible to gain the Guerre of Algeria, and supports the independence of the Algérie. This attitude caused strong resistances in certain nationalist groups, and in particular of the terrorist activities on behalf of the secret armed Organization. The war ended in July 1962 by the signature of the Accords of Evian, signed the March 18th 1962, approved by the referendum of the April 8th 1962. De Gaulle took various economic measures to revitalize the country, in particular the introduction of new the frankly.

International policy: “a certain idea of France”

On the international scene, refusing the domination of the the United States like the USSR, de Gaulle set up independent France, equipped with her own nuclear deterrent force. He refused with the Great Britain the entry in the EEC, he condemned the American war to the Vietnam as well as the Israeli attack at the time of the Guerre the Six Day old, and in 1966 withdraws France of NATO, while remaining member of Atlantic Alliance. In Africa, following an official policy of decolonization, Charles de Gaulle charged Jacques Foccart with providing the foundations of the French neocolonialism, continued by all the presidents of the Fifth Republic, that François-Xavier Verschave will baptize the Françafrique.

May 1968 and consequences

See also: Amorce=Pour this period to see the article on, May 1968

In 1968, the protest became more extensive than envisaged, and took de Gaulle with deprived, who disappeared from the political scene during a few hours to take council, giving to the country fear vacancy of the capacity.

De Gaulle was ready to accept some of the claims of the demonstrators, but Georges Pompidou persuaded it to dissolve the National Assembly rather. The elections of June 1968 were a great success for the gaullists who obtained 293 of the 487 seats. Vis-a-vis its growing popularity, Georges Pompidou, was replaced by Maurice Couve of Murville in July.

After the failure of a referendum on the transfer of certain capacities to the areas, in which it had put all its weight, de Gaulle resigned the April 28th 1969.

After Gaulle (1969 - aujourd' today)

Presidency of Georges Pompidou (1969 - 1974)

Georges Pompidou, who is presented in the form of a heir to de Gaulle, gains the presidential elections of 1969. Jacques Chaban-Delmas is named Prime Minister.

1970 : prohibition of the proletarian Left
June 1971: François Mitterrand takes the direction of the Socialist party to the congress of Épinay
July 1972: Pierre Messmer is named Prime Minister
1973: prohibition of the communist League

Presidency of Valery Giscard d'Estaing (1974-1981)

Elected at 48 years, Valery Giscard d'Estaing was in 1974 the youngest president of the French Republic. It appoints Jacques Chirac Prime Minister. The oil crisis of 1973 and the international economic conjuncture block the good performance of the government and cause the rise of the disputes: it is the end of the Glorious Thirty. In 1976, after the resignation of Jacques Chirac, Raymond Barre, a professor of economy, is named at the post of Prime Minister and follows a hard policy to stop the Inflation which leads to a strong fall of the growth. The septennate of Valery Giscard d'Estaing makes it possible to concretize major reforms:

legislation on the divorce by consent
the legalization of the abortion carried out by Simone Veil (January 17th, 1975) who followed by the legalization of the pill (law of neuwirth 1967) and the refunding of this one by the Social security (1974).
the majority is lowered to eighteen years instead of 21 years before (July 5th, 1974)
introduction of the summer-time in order to carry out energy saving
promotion of the European democracy (under its impulse the European deputies from now on are elected by the direct suffrage) and projections economic (installation of the European Monetary System, prelude to the euro).
generalization of co-education in the schools
emancipation of public television and the dismantling of state monopoly (the ORTF) in seven companies,
the abolition of the censure,
extension of the Social security to the non wage-earning persons (a capital measurement for the tradesmen and the craftsmen),
the election of the mayor of Paris by the vote for all…

Mars 1975: burden high-school girl
Printemps 1976: burden coed
July 1977: antinuclear riot in Creys-Malville
Mars 1978: the line gains the legislative elections
1979: creation of the group Direct action
May 1980: burden coed dominated by the extreme-left

Presidencies of François Mitterrand (1981-1995)

Presidencies of Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)

1995 - 1997: government of Alain Juppe.
December 1995: burden with the civils servant against the reform of the Social security.
1996 : beginning of the movement of without-papers.
1997 : dissolution of the National Assembly.
1997 - 2002: cohabitation Jacques Chirac - Lionel Jospin (“plural left”).
1998 : Movement of the unemployed.
December 2001: demonstrations of police officers.
2000 : in order to make cease drive out-crossed between the presidential capacity and the legislative power, a constitutional reform brings back the duration of the presidential mandate to 5 years (instead of 7) in order to make it correspond to the legislative mandate.
May 2002: re-election of Jacques Chirac - Jean-Pierre Raffarin is named Prime Minister.
June 2003: burden with the civils servant against the reform of the mode of the retirements.
Be 2003: beginning of the movement of the Contract workers.
November 2003: European social forum (FSE) with Paris: the Socialist party is violently attacked by part of the demonstrators.
Be 2004: demonstrators destroy fields of GMO
Printemps 2005: movement high-school pupil against the reform of Francois Fillon.
Spring 2005: rejection of the European constitution by referendum with 55% of the voices
October-November 2005: crisis of the suburbs.
February-March 2006: movement of the students and the high-school pupils against the Contrat first engages.

Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-)

See too

References

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