Franc-tireurs and partisans - immigrant Labor
The Franc-tireurs and partisans - immigrant labor (ftp me) is the name of a group of the Francs-tireurs and in favor, movement of armed resistance to the occupation Nazi in France. It is resulting from the immigrant Main-d'oeuvre.
The groups of ftp were created to me in Paris region, at the same time as the ftp, in 1941. These groups are consisted the members of the immigrant Main-d'oeuvre: communist foreigners living in France and not forming part of the French Communist party. Although integrated into the ftp, these groups depend directly on Jacques Duclos, which transmits to them the orders of the Internationale Communist. The ftp will count to me among the most active groups of resistance and most determined, in particular because they are as foreigners directly aimed by the Régime of Vichy, which leaves them the choice only clandestinity or internment. Because they depend directly on the Komintern, via Duclos, one often thought that it is them that one sends in first line when comes the order from Moscow to intensify the combat, whereas the French groups are inserted much in a national dynamics.
The Parisian groups were initially directed by Boris Holban, then by Missak Manouchian and when the latter is stopped, it is again Holban which takes the command, at the beginning of 1944.
The ftp are particularly known for me through the episode of the red Affiche and the execution of the group of Missak Manouchian.
Structure of the ftp me
Paris region “Groups Manouchian”
Group armed directed by Joseph Epstein and Missak Manouchian.
23 members of the Manouchian groups condemned to died by the Nazis.
22 will be shot with the Mont Valérien on February 21st, 1944:- Celestino Alfonso (Spanish)
- Joseph Boczov (Rumanian Jew)
- Georges Cloarec (French)
- Roger Rouxel (French)
- Robert Witchitz (French Jew)
- Rino Della Negra (Italian)
- Spartaco Fontano (Italian)
- Césare Luccarini (Italian)
- Antoine Salvadori (Italian)
- Amédéo Usséglio (Italian)
- Thomas Elek (Hungarian Jew)
- Emeric Glasz (Hungarian Jew)
- Maurice Fingercwajg (Polish Jew)
- Jonas Geduldig (Polish Jew)
- Leon Goldberg (Polish Jew)
- Szlama Grzywacz (Polish Jew)
- Stanislas Kubacki (Polish)
- Marcel Rayman (Polish Jew)
- Willy Szapiro (Polish Jew)
- Wolf Wajsbrot (Polish Jew)
- Arpen Lavitian (Armenian)
- Missak Manouchian (Armenian)
- Olga Bancic (Rumanian Jewish), off-set will be decapitated by the Germans in Stuttgart the May 10th 1944 (the day of its 32 years).
Area of Marseilles, the Marat Company
Region of Lion, Carmagnole-Freedom group
Herbert Herz belonged to these two groups.
Toulouse region, the “35e brigade”
The 35e Brigade owes its name with the 35e Division of machine gunners of the International Brigades to which belonged Marcel (Mendel) Langer, chief of Franc-tireurs and Partisans - Labor Immigrée (ftp me) of the Toulouse region.
Arrété with explosives in February 1943, Marcel Langer is judged by the Special section of the Court of Appeal of Toulouse. The prosecuting attorney Lespinasse claims his head, and on March 21st, 1943, Langer is condemned to the capital punishment. The sanction is carried out on July 23rd, 1943.
The 35e Brigade became the Brigade Marcel Langer.
Ten eight ftp are stopped to me by the police force of Vichy and are delivered to the Germans. Two die in the train which takes them along in deportation. Four were shot.
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