Formulate of Rydberg

The formula of Rydberg (or Rydberg-Ritz ) is used in atomic Physique to determine the complete spectrum of the Lumière emitted by the Hydrogène; it was later generalized with all chemical element.

The spectrum is the whole of the wavelengths of the Photon S emitted at the time of the jumps of the electrons between energy levels Discrets, " couches" around the Atom of a chemical element. This discovery caused later the creation of the Quantum physics.

This formula was discovered by the Physicien S Swedish Johannes Rydberg and Suisse Walther Ritz then presented the November 5th 1888.

Formulate of Rydberg for hydrogen

\ frac {1} {\ lambda_ {\ mathrm {vac}}} = R_ {\ mathrm {H}} \ left (\ frac {1} {n_1^2} - \ frac {1} {n_2^2} \ right)

Where

$\ lambda_ {\ mathrm {vac}}$ is the Wavelength of the light in the Vide.

R_ {\ mathrm {H}}

is the Constante of Rydberg of the Hydrogène.

n_1

and

n_2

are entireties such as

n_1 < n_2

By fixing $n_1 = 1$ and with $n_2$ going of 2 ad infinitum, the known spectral lines under the name of Série of Lyman converging towards 91 Nm are consequently obtained method:

The series of Lyman is in the field of the ultra-violet while that of Balmer is in the visible field and that series of Paschen, Brackett, Pfund, and Humphreys are in the field of the infra-red.

Formulate of Rydberg for the alkaline ones

The formula above can be generalized with any element similar to hydrogen (i.e having a single electron on its external layer) (the alkaline metals are approximate examples).

$\ frac {1} {\ lambda_ {\ mathrm {vac}}} = RZ^2 \ left (\ frac {1} {n_1^2} - \ frac {1} {n_2^2} \ right)$

Where

$\ lambda_ {\ mathrm {vac}}$ is the Wavelength of the light in the Vide.

R

is the Constante of Rydberg of the element.

n_1

and

n_2

are entireties such as

n_1 < n_2

Z

is the Atomic number, i.e the number of Proton S in the Atomic nucleus of this element;

This formula applies really only to the elements having only one electron of valence, called hydrogénoïdes: for example He⁺, Li²⁺, Be³⁺, the alkaline ones remaining an approximate example…

Note:

It appears that this formula of Rydberg is that of a family of hyperbole S, n1 and N2 defining the respective positions of the top S and the hearth S. These hyperboles are interference rings S produced between the waves emitted by the proton and the electron. As the hydrogen atom has only one proton and that an electron, the chart of the interferences is simple and clear; for the other atoms, except for the Hydrogénoïde S, the model becomes more scrambled.

This mathematical obviousness brings an explanation physical, simple and comprehensible by a last year secondary school student, with the stability of the atom, but it is not easily allowed by the current physicists who undoubtedly prefer to preserve a halation of mysteries around quantum mechanics.

CF the site of Denys Lépinard

See too

Spectrum of hydrogen
Model of Constant Bohr
of Rydberg

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