The forests of protection public and/or private are restored and or protected to secure and secure the generations to come and the ecosystems against the natural natural disasters, risks or for the quality of life of the very urbanized zones.

In the world

They are protected by contract or in an obligatory way (with Expropriation if necessary) to ensure the maintenance of the grounds against erosion, the avalanches, are flow mud, the fire hazard, etc in particular on the mountains and the slopes, taking part in winter in defense against the avalanches and the infiltration of water in the tablecloths in the profit of a regulation of the flows and volumes of raw downstream. Indeed, a diversified timbering offers the best protection of the ground thanks to the fabrics racinaire which stabilizes the substrates vulnerable to erosion and high a ecological Résilience.

In certain countries, timberings of small sizes can be planted and/or protected to contribute to the depollution of surface water and the protection of the tablecloths and fields collecting providing the Drinking water. perennial timbering guarantees there the absence of construction, very polluting activities and agriculture (cf risks chemical related to the inputs such as Engrais and Pesticide S, and risks microbial related to the excrements and Lisier S animals).

These forests have important particular in the countries where the relief is marked and where the seismic risk is raised, with the Japan for example, where Akira Miyawaki developed novel methods of restoration of forests (which contributed to create or improve 1.400 forests of protection in this country).

These forests can be managed like Natural reserves integral or exploited with precaution, on authorization, with schedules of conditions guaranteeing a minimisaton negative impacts of management on the environment.

Forests périurbaines of protection

In certain countries, whose in France, the law allows the classification (whatever the owner) of green belts or forest périurbaines in periphery of the great agglomerations, and in any zone where them maintenance is essential for ecological reasons or the wellbeing of the population. They are often multipurpose in their objectives. This last possibility is used rather little.

In France

The first possibility of classifying timberings in forests of protection date of the Law of April 28th, 1922, to protect them grounds against erosion, the avalanches and the invasion of water (the list of the objectives extended since this date, in particular the forest code was modified in 1976 to include the reason for protection of the ecosystems (this reason was used in 1982 to classify the 80 ha relictuels Bois Dardennes with Ducey, remainders of an old alluvial forest of the English Channel, which according to the local tradition would have been the Forêt of Scissy submerged by a tidal wave at the eighth century after J.C.). It is the prefect or the state who initiates the classification in forest of protection. If timbering to be classified extends on several departments, the Minister for agriculture entrusts the management of the procedure to the one of the prefects

Around 2003,115.000 hectares were classified in forest of protection in France, in 29 departments, in mountainous areas, littoral, périurbaines and in alluvial zones easily flooded Rhenish.

Standard of forests concerned : All can be concerned, primary or secondary, old or recently reconstituted, public and concerning the forest mode, or deprived; in this last case, the owner can make adopt by the prefect a reglementation of exploitation taken on opinion of the departmental director of agriculture, by taking account of the reasons which involved the classification, or it must deposit specific requests for special permits of cuts. The reduction in the normal income of owners can put forward compensation by the State. The owner can also require the acquisition (which is made private, or at the price fields by way of expropriation) of wood classified if it proves that the classification deprived it of at least half of the normal income that it withdrew his forest.

Regulation : The frequentation of the public can be prohibited, but it is seldom the case. The pasture (except particular cases, on authorization), the camp-site, the caravanning are prohibited in these forests like any assignment change or mode of occupation which could compromise the conservation or the protection of timberings. Are also prohibited any clearing, excavates, influence of public or deprived infrastructure, raising of the ground or deposit except if it is about equipment essential to the protection of the forests (subject to a notification preliminary to the departmental director of agriculture). Circulation motorized there is prohibited except for management, the exploitation and the defense of the forest against the fires.

The last classification goes back to 2002. Rather than to classify the forest of Fontainebleau (28 500 hectares accommodating approximately 13 million /an visitors) in natural reserve or natural park as many ONG wished it, France classified it in forest of protection (decree of the ministry for agriculture, OJ of April 23rd, 2002).

In Europe

Europe did not establish regulations or particular directive, but the Jurisprudence European there prohibited the extensions of Carrière S.

See too

• Akira Miyawaki
• Risk management, Civil security
• Flood, Forest fire, Erosion, Flow mud, Landslide
• Forest, Sylviculture, Root (botanical)
• durable Deforestation
• Management of the forests

External bonds

• Gate '' “Right of the environment” '' of the technical Workshop of natural spaces (with jurisprudential data for Europe and France).

Random links:

Ghâts Eastern | Park of Burbank | Julius Bär | Harriott derrick | Helmut Kohl | Gustaw_Herling-Grudziński