Floriculture
The floriculture , or the culture of the Fleur S, is a branch of the Agriculture.
It produces by the Jardinage or the industrial crop of the cut flowers, the plants flowered out of pots or flowers stand, of the Graine S, and propagules (Bulbe S, Tubercule S, rhizome S, etc)
Ce can be a Loisir or an community activity.
Les cultures can be done in open ground or out of pots, in gardens with the free air or in Serre S. It feeds an international business, using more and more air transport, which increases much the ecological Empreinte of the commercial floriculture.
L' intensive use of products Plant health S, in greenhouse or in certain external cultures (Tulips in the Netherlands) is also source of controversy for the health of the professional floriculteurs, even of certain consumers.
History
The floriculture probably exists since high antiquity, for the attraction which the flowers exerted on our directions so much by their beauty, their colors that their perfumes.Depuis second half of the 17th century, the floriculture was the subject of specialized technical treaties (the first publication in Italy is due to G.B. Ferrari, a Jesuit of Rome which published in 1633 its Of florum will coltura ) and between 18th and the 19th centuries of famous authors like Joseph Decaisne and Charles Victor Naudin wrote on this subject.
During centuries, exotic plants, originating in areas to the varied climates, were introduced in Europe, according to trade route lately created. Their climatic and environmental requirements specific involved a refinement of the farming technical and the artificial invention of medium like the greenhouses.
Moreover, the introduction of decorative plants required for their port, the shape and the color of their sheets or their flowers, developed the sector of the Pépinière S. Those deal of the production and the marketing of shrubby decorative plants, Bonsaï S and herbaceous plants.
In Western Europe the floriculture is developed with the Netherlands, specialized in particular in the production of bulbs, rhizomes, etc and whose technical and commercial organization is such as it influences and directs even the rules of the worldwide market of the flowers and plants out of pots. Follow the Belgium and Israel.
The Italy, for various historico-political reasons, in spite of a favorable climate, follows remotely, but has some areas of excellence, initially the Ligurie and in particular the Province of Imperia, but also the Toscane and the Pouilles.
In France, the horticultural area is the Pays area of the Loire with more particularly the town of Angers which concentrates the major part of the horticultural exploitations (floriculture).
In the field of the floriculture, an essential component in the business success of the products is the selection and permanent creation new Cultivar S. Indeed, to obtain plants innovating and attractive for the ultimate consumer, one recourse to agronomic methods sophisticated like the Genetic improvement and the techniques of micropropagation.
farming techniques
The requirement first of the commercial floriculture is the standardization of the product to aim at a remunerative price. This resulted in combining the cultures in full field or greenhouse, with the cultures on artificial substrates, which are from now on the standard for the productions out of pots, the generalized use of Phytorégulateur S, of phytopharmacological products (Insecticide S, Antiacarien S, Nématicide S, Fongicide S, Bactéricide S…), the Fertilization by the Irrigation, the hydroponic culture, the illumination and control systems computerized of the Temperature and the moisture.The multiplication of the plants can be made various manners, by Bouturage, Marcottage, Clerc's Office, division of Tubercule S, rhizome S, Stolon S or Bulbe S or by Semis.
Environmental aspects
It is double, with;
Of the positive aspect:
Certains estimates that floriculture of the orchises (cloning in particular) or other rare species made it possible to limit the direct taking away in nature and to save certain species.
C' is an important source of employment for tropical developing countries.
Of the negative aspects or sources of controversy
Certaines floricultures uses many chemical inputs and pesticides, which have environmental impacts and on the health of the floriculteurs, upstream, and perhaps downstream.
Pour certain species, their diffusion can be in the beginning
- - of genetic Pollution,
- - of loss of Biodiversité, by consumption of natural spaces and stocks use increasingly homogeneous, often clonée S.
- - mortalities of Abeille S, butterflies or other insects and their larvae attracted by the plantations, and exposed to insecticides.
- - of introduction of species likely to become invasive or to pose problem (resistance to the pesticides), in particular with the long-distance haulage by plane and/or trucks.
- - of loss of Biodiversité, by consumption of natural spaces and stocks use increasingly homogeneous, often clonée S.
Lastly, certain greenhouses, strongly enlightened the night can contribute to the phenomenon known as of luminous Pollution.
To answer these criticisms of the reflections exist which could lead to a label of the type AB (Organic farming) for the floriculture.
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