Fish (halieutic)

Types of fishing

Maritime fishing and river

One generally distinguishes them on a criterion from salinity from water, distinction which involves in particular a different regulation. In France, one speaks about the " limit of salinity of the eaux" who conditions the legal mode between these two type of fishing. This limit, purely administrative, rises from the decree of the January 9th 1852 on the exercise of fishing. It should rest to the physical measure of the measured salt rate, but for example in the Camargue it is not the case. This distinstion, old installation of major problems in practice, because many animals have the capacity to cross it, this administrative barière, in the two directions.

Commercial fishing or commercial

One distinguishes several types of commercial fishings:

the artisanal or coastal fishing is diversified and occupies of many people. It relates to Bateau X of small size (6 to 25 meters) and many techniques, for a tide during a few hours at several days, with 1 to 15 men of crew by boat.

Artisanal fishing is not inevitably coastal. A craftsman is a ship-owner who has to the maximum two ships a maximum length of 24 meters. This kind of ships, although craftsmen, make high-sea fishing.

the industrial or deep-sea fishing provides the main part of the captures out of fish and other fishing resources. It is held especially on Chalutier S from 30 to 50 meters for tides from 10 to 15 days (on the majority of the continental shelves and maritime frontages (in the small seas such as the Mediterranean, the exits are often reduced to 24:00). The fish is very often conditioned on board. One counts 10 to 25 men per boat.
the great fishing is held in high-sea for campaigns being able to last several months, on boats reaching 110 meters length, with a crew cash to 60 men in the case of the Navire-usine processing fish on board.

The high-sea fishing is carried out by ships from 18 to 50 meters, which they are craftsmen or industrial. The criterion is to make more than 96 hours of sea of at a stretch. The ships of 50 meters rare in France currently, are excluded the oceanic tuna boats, and rather raise of the great fishing.

From the point of view of the French legislation the kinds of fishing are classified as follows:

Offshore fishing : Absence lower than 24 hours.
inshore Fishing : Absence included/understood enters 24 hours and 96 hours.
High-sea fishing the : Absence ranging between 96 hours and 20 days.
Great fishing : Ships of gauge > 1000 tx or absence higher than 20 days for the ships of more than 150 tx of gauge.

Commercial fishing at sea request equipment and a ship adapted to the target species and the open sea. One distinguishes fishing with trailing, like the dredgers, the Chalut S, the Danish seine, of fishing to the door frames, like the drifting net S or the racks as well as other specialities like the sliding seine (or bolinche) which is a net that one turns around the fish bench. Most of the time, a ship is adapted to fish various types of fish in order to ensure a seasonal cycle and to follow the various regulations of fishing. Modern technologies make it possible to facilitate the captures and to improve the output of fishings (electronic control of the train of fishing, Sondeur S multifaisceaux, Sonar S, Radar S, Bouée S of localization by satellite or simply reception of data by telecommunications by satellite in general). These technologies leave less and less chance with the prey and contribute to surpêche.

Tools of commercial fishing:

tools of fishing active

machines trailing like the pelagic Trawl S basic and trawls. They are tools made up of a net in the shape of pocket in which the catches come to be placed.
surrounding nets is machines making it possible to encircle pelagic fish. It is represented by the nonsliding seine revolving and the sliding seine revolving.

passive tools of fishing

nets is vertical tools in which the catches come to be wedged. They are represented by the gill nets and the trémails.
lines and the trawl lines, which consist of a wire to which a hook and a lure or a soft food are hung. One distinguishes the basic trawl lines from the floating trawl lines.
traps, which are passive tools tls that bow nets and racks.

Sporting fishing or of leisure

Electric fishing

The electric fishing, reserved for the only authorities qualified halieutics, consists in making pass a running of low intensity in the course of a Rivière using a conducting pole finished by a ring supplied with a battery. The fish, slightly shocked then comes to float on the surface from where it can easily be recovered thanks to a scoop. This technique of fishing is used only to make studies on the fishing resources: counting, measurements, weighed and possibly bush setting. It is thus a method with only scientific goal and the fish, after having found their " esprits" and D-to be oxygenated are slackened in their natural environment.

In boat

the palangrotte

Fishing with the palangrotte is practiced with damping. The palangrotte is made up of a line mother and four or five hooks placed at the end of brassoles spaced between them of approximately a meter. The soft foods are descended on the bottom using a ballast, as soon as the lead placed in end of palangrotte touches the bottom one goes up it a little to tighten the line. This fishing is practiced with the hand or with a short cane. One can, on the same boat, to fish with several palangrottes.

In the Mediterranean the required fish is the Girelle S, the Sarran S, the Rascasse S, the Vieille S. It is the preferential mode of fishing of the Bouillabaisse.

On the bottom of line are placed at regular interval several brackets armed with hook of size 8 with 12.
Soft foods for the palangrotte: Mainly worms of sea (néréide, mourron, American worm), pieces of fish and sections of Squid.

the light drag

the heavy drag

fishing with the cormorants

Type of fishing practiced for example in China on the lake Eir in the Yunnan or on the river Li. The neck of the Cormoran is bound so that this one régurgite the fish caught with the fisherman.

Under water

A technique of relatively marginal fishing at the level professional, but nevertheless historical, is to be noted: it is about that which the Amas practice, these Japanese women fishing of the shells in apnea. If this tradition tends to disappear, the fact of plunging to nourish or make trade was certainly the first type of fishing. One finds traces of this activity dating from prehistory in the Mediterranean, Korea and Ground of fire. Today, it is mainly of a Loisir or a sport. See the article underwater Hunting .

Regulation

International

Community (European Union)

845 Community payments and decisions relate to the maritime commercial fishing, which one finds in the form of texts consolidated here HTTP: /www.objectifm.eu/SFPManuelFR/

The Common fisheries policy is coming into effect in 1983.

Common organization of the market of the aquiculture and fishery products

Created within the framework of the CAP, it includes/understands four elements:

common standards of marketing of the fishery products (quality, packing, labelling);
organizations of producers intended to contribute to the stabilization of the markets;
the price maintenance, which fixes minima below which it is interdict to sell the fishery products;
of the payments relating to the trade with third countries.

The July 12th 2005, the European Court of justice condemned, at the request of the European commission, France with a fine for violation of the community legislation concerning the protection of fish stocks being likely to disappear . France must regulate a lump sum of 20 million euros to have failed " in a serious and persistent way to its Community obligations as regards fishing ". It must also pay 57,8 million additional euros for each period of six months violation moreover.

Main road

All the countries have a particular regulation.

The regulation of fishing, in France, concerns the Department of the Environment and the Ministère of agriculture and fishing.
One can in particular quote:

the Fishing permit
licenses of fishing
authorizations of fishing
the fishing machines
the fixing of the mesh by species
the list of the protected spaces
the list of the undesirable species

to also see exclusive economic Zone

At the national level, the professional maritime fishermen have in accordance with the law of May 2nd, 1991 a representative organization charged amongst other things to inform the fishermen as regards regulation.

At the local level

In France, the professional fishermen always asserted themselves a regulation adapted to specificities of each zone, in particular in the Mediterranean through the Prud' homies of fishermen but also through organizations resulting from the law of May 2nd, 1991 which are the Regional committees and buildings of maritime fishings and the marine breedings (CRPMEM and CLPMEM).

Economic aspects

According to the statistics of FAO, the total of world fishings in 2000 is estimated at 142,5 million tons including 96,7 intended for the human consumption, that is to say an availability of 16,2 kg per capita. In 2004, the production further increased with 155,8 million tons.

On this total of 130,4 million tons, 94,8 are due to captures (fishing continental or marine) and 35,6 (that is to say 27%) are the production of the Aquaculture. The exploitation on fish of deep seas appreciably increased but the total of the captures is in regression. The production of fish is in constant increase since the years 1950.

The China is the first world producer with 41,6 million tons in 2000 (including 24,6 million tons, that is to say 60 %, coming from the aquiculture). These figures, in strong progression, are regarded as over-estimated.

For fishings of capture, the principal producer countries in the year 2000, were, in the decreasing order, the China, the Peru, the Japan, the the United States, the Chile, the Indonesia, the Russia and the India.

Principal the Espèce S fished was in 2000:

the Anchovy of the Peru, 11,3 million tons;
the Place of Alaska, 3,0;
the Herring of the Atlantic , 2,4;
the Listao (tropical Tuna), 1,9;
the anchovy of Japan, 1,7;
the Chinchard of the Chile, 1,5;
the Poisson sabers common, 1,5;
the Spanish Mackerel, 1,5;
the Capelan, 1,5;
the blue Whiting, 1,4.

In France, according to the figures of Ofimer (2004), the fisheries sector employs 21 000 sailors for 6 000 ships. 40 shouted distributed along the littoral manage the fished products, of a global value of 1,12 billion euros. Those are distributed by 380 companies of fish trade and 290 processing undertakings.

however that the fish come from fresh water or sea water, they must to be put on the market to respect this HTTP: /www.objectifm.eu/SFPManuelFR/, and this HTTP: /aquatrop.cirad.fr/encyclop_die/pratique_de_l_aquaculture/l_gislation_et_r_glementation/l_gislation_fran_aise_et_europ_enne_sur_les_r_sidus_et_les_substances_medicamenteuses it seems that these legislations are respected better out of sea water than out of fresh water. The accompaniment of the dies nécessiares to enable them to respect the legislative evolution does not seem in France to have taken place.

Ecological aspects

Guards of the seas

Most of the fishermen will become guards of the seas in particular on the 30% of the oceans dedicated to the renewal of the populations.

Quotations

<> Lao-Tseu

Random links: