Figure skating

The Figure skating is a Sport and a Art carried out on the ice with shoes with blades or on a hard ground (parquet floor, synthetic surface, etc) with roller skates traditional (quad) or shoes in line ( inline ).

This sport is particularly popular in North America, Europe and Asia. According to Médiamétrie, it is the only sport with being more looked by the women by the men.

Etymology

The word “shoe” comes from the Greek πᾰτεῖν which means “to go”. The word English skate comes from the Dutch schaats , which wants to say “bone of the Jambe”.

History

Equipment

the blade of ice-skating is curved from the front to the back, thus creating an arc of circle whose ray varies between 1,83 m and 2,18 m called cradle . Recently, of the parabolic blades were conceived to increase the stability of the skater on the ice. The blade has also a hollow coulisse/un in the center over its length; a hollow on the lower part of the blade divides it into two distinct cross-sections, outside (outside) and the interior (inside). It is always desirable to patinate on only one cross-section of the blade, never on both at the same time (which is called “a dish”). The ease and the facility, gathered with the power of pushed and of slip shown by the skaters of elite come in fact from the adequate use of the cross-sections in order to generate speed with less effort. The shoes of figure skating differ from the shoes of hockey by having an arsenal of Griffe S notched in front of the blade. The claws are used mainly for the jumps and should not be used during the pushes or the pirouettes. The design of the claws evolved/moved much during the last years and includes sometimes claws additional on the sides of the blade, called K-Pick and invented by Pieter Kollen.

the Bottines of ice-skating are traditionally manufactured with the hand starting from several layers of leather. For a few years, the boots made starting from synthetic materials being ground with heat have become very popular near several skaters. Combining solidity and lightness, these boots are easier “to break”. The last developments as regards shoes rest on the use of a boot articulated with ankle, getting a side support while allowing more flexibility and of amplitude of movement. The blades are assembled on the sole, fixed on the plate before and on the back plate by screws. Usually, the high level skaters use shoes made to measure for them by specialists in world famous.

the Coussins glutei ( pads ) are other parts of equipment used in ice-skating. These stuffings are placed inside sticking or of the pants in order to reduce the impact of the falls lasting the period of training of new jumps.

Of the Protect-blades is installed on the blades, when the skater must walk with his shoes apart from the ice. The protect-blades protect from dust and/or surface from the floor which could damage grinding or make notches.

Of the protect-blades in linen (sometimes called slippers or shrimps ) is used after the drives to absorb condensation and to protect the blades from rust.

the Habillement carried at the time of the practices varies pants, skirts, sticking, dresses, clothing one-piece bathing suit, pirouettes, all flexible devices in order to model the lines of the skater and to allow all the amplitude of movement.

At the time of the competitions, clothing must be sportsmen and of good taste, the costumes of the theatrical type being proscribed (involving a deduction). The girls can carry pants since the season 2005 - 2006.

Some skating rinks have a Harnais in order to help the skaters to learn from new jumps in a sedentary environment. The trainer assists the jump of the skater by raising it of ground using a system of pulleys (fixed at the ceiling or using a mobile harness).

Skating rinks and ices

The first Patinoire S were naturally the ponds and the rivers. The preparation of surface sometimes difficult and was subjected to the weather conditions, which explains the beginnings of ice-skating in the areas more adapted to the formation of Glace of quality. For example, in the Annale S of 1844 of the club of Philadelphia, one can read there that the equipment of rescue was to be present on the spot in the event of holes in the ice. With the Canada, the thickness of the ice was not a problem; it was rather the Neige which encumbered surfaces. Then in 1860 was inaugurated in large pump the first skating rink in the world. The Glacarium, the first skating rink with artificial surface saw the day with London in 1876, with Chelsea. The development of other skating rinks proved to be crucial for the expansion of this Sport.

largest stage ever built: Tokyo, Japan (1960). Surface: : 4000 meters.
More large surface frozen in the world: Japan (1967). Superfice: : 15400 meters.

Nowadays, one finds Patinoire S not only with the Canada, the United States, Sweden or other European countries followers of hockey or Patinage, but also in Spain as much as in Black Africa (in Ivory Coast).

Competitions

There exist many competitions of which national championships, but also the international competitions, generally endorsed by RESULTING the of which Grand Prix RESULTING, the championships of Europe, the Four Continents, the world and the Olympic Games.

The notation

The “ ancien ” system of judgment set up in 1905, named 6.0 , having wiped many criticisms, in particular at the time of the scandal of the Winter Olympics of 2002, a new system of judgment named COP ( Code off Points ) was set up for all the competitions RESULTING at the season 2004 - 2005 and used at the time of the Winter Olympics of Turin in 2006.

Figures

Jumps

See also: List of the jumps of figure skating

the jumps of cross-section

the Saut of waltz
the Axel
the buckles, (loop in English) or Rittberger
the Salchow

the jumps piqués

the Lutz
the Loop piqué, (cherry flip or English toe-loop)
the flip or Salchow piqué

the combinations of jumps

A combination of jumps is a sequence of two or three consecutive jumps, with catch of call of the second jump on the cross-section of reception of the first jump and so on. One cannot combine that with a jump of loop or a loop piqué.

the sequences of jumps

A sequence of jumps is a sequence of jumps (2 or more) bound by small steps, while keeping a rate/rhythm. There cannot be more than 360 degrees of rotation between the landing of the first jump and the call of the second jump so that the sequence is valid. The crusaders are prohibited.

the movements of jumps

They are “small” jumps, not considered elements, but rather as movements of connection:

isolated Jump
Jump with Russian (russian Split)
Jump of hind (stag)
Walley
thrown Turn (improperly called Feuille which falls) (English word falling leaf copies)
Saut of rabbit/not of giant
Saut of three

Pirouettes

See also: List of the pirouettes of figure skating

the basic pirouettes

One indicates three basic pirouettes :

the pirouette upright (including cambered)
the sitted pirouette
the lengthened pirouette or pirouette arabesque

the jumped pirouettes

Any basic pirouette including a jump at the entry.

the combinations of pirouette

The combined pirouettes at least include a change of position and/or foot and/or cross-section.

Steps and turns

See also: List of the step of figure skating

the turns

three
the double-three
the accodance (bracket)
the mohawk
the choctaw
the against-accodance (rocker)
against-three (counter)
the loop
the volte (twizzle)
the pivot

not

the crusader
driven out the
rolled the
progressive the

There exist three types of continuations of step (set of feet):

in straight line (median, diagonal)
in serpentine (two or three lobes)
circular

Attitudes & movements of transition

See also: List of the attitudes and movements of transition from figure skating

the slit
the arabesque
the window
the shooting with the canard/la chair
royal the
the eagle (small or large)
Besti-squat
the slit Ina Bauer
It inside Gilletti

The hydroblading refers to positions carried out on a major cross-section with the body more close to the ice that possible in the horizontal plane.

Carried or raised

The RESULTING one gathered the types of carried or raised in 6 various groups, according to the level of difficulty:

Group 1 - Carried/raised with catch under the arms
Group 2 - Carried/raised by the size
Group 3 - Carried/raised hand in the hand
Group 4 - Carried/raised by the hip
Group 5 - Carried/raised lasso hand in the hand

Spirals

The partner carries out a pivot while holding his partner who turns around him. There exist several spiral figures couples some, including four “traditional” spirals, popularized by the Russian couple of Protopopov. These figures are classified here in order of difficulty:

before interior = spiral of the life;
back interior = spiral cosmic;
back external = spiral of death;
before external = spiral of the love.

Outstanding athletes

See also: List of the personalities of the figure skating

Prize list

of the Winter Olympics
of the championships of the world
of the championships of Europe
of the championships of the four continents
of the championships of France
of the championships of Canada
of the championships of Russia
of the championships of the world junior
of the championships of the United States

See too

Sports in which shoes are used:

Other winter sports:

Curling
Balloon-brushes
Hockey-boot

Except ice:

artistic Roller: Ice-skating on casters

External bonds

RESULTING: International Skating Union
French federation of the winter sports
Patinage Canada
National Sporting Commission of Figure skating (France)
National Sporting Commission of Dance on ice
Fédération of figure skating of Quebec
European Inline Appears Skating Association

Simple: Appear skating

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