Fernand of Magellan

First voyages

Magellan took the sea for the first time in 1505, at the 25 years age, when it was sent in India to install Francisco de Almeida like Portuguese viceroy. The voyage offered to Magellan his first experiment of combat when the local king, who had sworn allegiance with Vasco da Gama three years before, refused to recognize Almeida. The troops of Almeida attacked then and conquered the capital of Kilwa, in current the Tanzania.

In 1505, Magellan travelled to the Indies Orientales and joined forwardings going to the research of the island to Spices. In February 1509, it took share with the battles of Diu, which marked the decline of the Ottoman Empire in this area. In 1510, it was named officer. Less than one year afterwards, it lost its rank to have directed its boat too much in the East without permission, and it was forced to return to Portugal in 1512.

In 1513, Magellan was sent to the Morocco, where it took share with the Bataille of Azamor. During the engagements, it was severely wounded with the knee. After being party without permission, it lost the favors of Francisco de Almeida, and was shown of illegal trade with the Moors. These charges were quickly given up, but Magellan fell in disgrace to the court from the new king, Manuel I. This one refused to increase the pension of Magellan and prevented it that it would do without his services as from the May 15th 1514. Magellan decided for this reason, to go to offer his services to the Court of Spain.

The voyage around the world

Preparations

Magellan proposed with the king de Portugal to lead a forwarding to the islands with the Spices (Moluques islands) while passing by the west, but the Portugal refused since, according to the Traité of Tordesillas, these islands were in the geographical area reserved for the Crown of Castille, and that he wanted to avoid entering in war with Spain.

In October 1517 with Seville, Magellan is put in contact with Juan de Aranda, person in charge of the Casa of Contratación. Then, following the arrival of its associate, Rui Faleiro, and thanks to the support of Aranda, they presented their project to the Spanish monarch, Charles Quint, which had just arrived to Spain. The proposal of Magellan appeared particularly interesting to him, since it made it possible to open the road of the spices without degrading the relations with the Portuguese neighbor, an action which would not fail to bring richness and honors to monarchy.

The March 22nd 1518 the king names Magellan and Faleiro captains so that the latter leave to research the island to Spices. By this nomination, the king granted to them:

the monopoly on the road discovered for one ten years duration.
their nomination as governors of the grounds and the islands which they would meet, with 5% of the net profits which would result from this.
a fifth of the profits of the voyage.
right to take thousand ducats on the next voyages, paying only 5% on the surpluses.
the concession of an island to each one, put aside six richer, of which they would receive only one fifteenth.

Forwardings would be financed by the crown and are equipped with five ships equipped in vivres for two years with voyage.

This proposal was going to be accommodated very favorably by the crown which since the Junta de Toro in 1505 had been fixed for objective to discover the road of the spices . It also profited from the accounts which had made of other explorers before him.

A number without end of problems will emerge in the preparation of this voyage, a lack of money, the king of Portugal which will seek to make them stop, and disputes it between Faleiro and Magellan. Finally, thanks to the tenacity of Magellan, forwarding will be born. Via the bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca they obtain the economic support of the merchant Cristóbal de Haro, who will provide a fifth of the funds.

There was at the 15th century, much explorers and geographers, coming from the Portugal, so much that those, just like Magellan and Christophe Colomb had to be exiled to be able to find the funds in order to live their adventures. We thus have here a problem of size, because these two admirals, one Portuguese, the other of unknown origin, were to manage a flotilla (three boats for Colomb, five for Magellan) of sailors and captains Spanish . The conflicts were to be envisaged and, in the case of Magellan, they did not delay.

They raise the veils the September 20th 1519, since Sanlúcar de Barrameda with nearly 240 men of crews on five boats: the Trinidad , ship which Magellan order; the Victoria ; the San Antonio ; the Concepción and the Santiago . Magellan is old at this time 39 years.

_{Navires at the beginning of the forwarding of Magellan, 1519}

Although the American continent had been discovered already, it should not be forgotten that Colomb was a contemporary of Magellan, on the other hand, at the time of discovered of Americas (called the Indies Western), Magellan was only 12 years old.

There were in America several already established Portuguese colonies, mainly in the area of the current Brésil.

Of the five captains of forwarding, it would seem that at least three do not share the same sights that Magellan, so much so that some want to eliminate it. On board this forwarding, Italian Antonio Pigafetta holds a newspaper of the voyage. It is thanks to him that we arrived not only information on the mutineers but the complete account of the voyage because it belonged to the 18 survivors. After a short stay with the Canary islands, the chief of the mutiny, Juan de Cartegena large of Spain, prisoner is made. Four months pass and the flotilla arrives close to the coasts of the Brésil in December. The flotilla carries the Spanish house and the Brésil is a Portuguese colony, for this reason Magellan decides to anchor himself to broad what is today Rio de Janeiro. One made a supply and one there sails then in southern direction it to try to circumvent the South America. We are in December 1519 and more Magellan sails towards the south, more it makes cold. Magellan decides to spend the winter in Patagonie (Argentine). While it is there, another mutiny is organized. Cartegena was prisoner on the ship Victoria , whose captain Luis of Mendoza decides to release Cartegena. Magellan can, once again, demolish these mutineers. He gives up Cartegena in Patagonie and carries out another captain mutineer, Gaspar de Quesada.

A mutiny then a shipwreck

March 31st, 1520, Armada finds refuge in a natural port: holy Port Julien . It is here that the mutiny of Easter will burst, which Magellan will leave himself but with heavy consequences… During the summer (the winter in the Northern hemisphere), Magellan decides to send one of his ships in recognition to find the famous passage which would bring it to the west of America, towards the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately the ship Santiago runs aground in May. Three months later Magellan decide to set out again towards the south with the four remaining ships. It is in October that Magellan sees the passage, towards the west, that it names the strait of All Saints' day at this time. In the maze of fjords, encircled cliffs menaçantes, in sinister water, the reefs and the shallow waters, which it will spend more than one month to cross, the history tells that during the crossing of the strait, the sailors see many fires on the coast, and thus name this coast the Ground of Fire. The strait was named later (by Gerardus Mercator in 1541) Magellan Strait, in his honor. A boat is failed, another, the San Antonio , made sedition (first consequence it mutiny) and sets out again towards Seville with most of the vivres.

The famine

At the time of Magellan, the circumference of the Earth is not yet known with precision, in spite of the work of Eratosthène which had calculated it nearly 18 centuries before. Magellan believes it much smaller than it is not actually. Magellan believes that once the crossed strait, it will arrive quickly at the islands of spices. A question of a few days. He does not have any idea of the vastness of the Pacific Ocean and during all its most direct possible crossing, by bad luck, he does not approach any the many islands strewn in the South Seas, except for two atolls, baptized tired islas of los Tiburones (today, island Caroline Kiribati) where he could not accost.
Water is not drinkable any more, the rations go reducing itself, the cookie even has suddenly missed, the crew must survive by eating rats. Without fruits nor vitamin C, the Scorbut attacks the crew. About March 1521, after four months, they thus arrive at Guam where they can make a good supply including of the fresh fruits. They set sail for the Filipino thereafter, and reach the March 28th that point.
They find landscapes of idylles, the spices, the multicoloured birds, accessible natives who seemingly let themselves convert without difficulty (it was also one of the goals of the voyage).
Lapu-Lapu, king of the tiny small island of Mactan, opposite Cebu, refuses to yield with the white invaders, it faces Magellan who estimates, him, which sixty Spaniards in armor with Arquebuse S can resist naked natives ten times more than them. A rain of poisoned arrows are drawn by those. One of them reaches Magellan, who dies there, in a few centimetres of water.

The return

Its successor with the orders of the flotilla is Juan Sebastian del Cano. Of the 260 sailors of the departure, there remains about it hardly 100, pas enough for a flotilla of three boats. Moreover worms attacked the hull of the Concepciõn … Alors to prevent that it does not fall to the hands from an enemy, it will be burned. The two ships thus leave Philippines at the beginning of May and arrive at the famous islands at Spices 6 months later.

They reach the islands with the Spices in November. These are the islands Moluques, of which they realize (but were they unaware of it really?) that they are already with the hands of the Portuguese since about fifteen years. The crews charge with spices the two remaining ships. Whereas the Victoria is on the point of leaving the port, the Trinidad is inserted in water and lodging lamentably! It is forced to remain to make repairs, and will set out again 4 months later. The Trinidad , 53 men, ordered by Carvalho, was hailed by Portuguese sailors who will find on board only twenty sailor-phantoms. The Victoria , 60 men, commander Elcano leaves the island of Tidore on December 21st, 1521 and succeeds in crossing the Indian Ocean and passing the Cape of Good Hope, to join the Spain. There remain only 18 team members, including Antonio Pigafetta, which could tell us the history. The Victoria was the first boat which carried out the complete Circumnavigation sphere. All deduced expenses, the spices brought back thoroughly of hold got the enormous benefit of 428 000 Maravédis . It will have to be waited 58 years before Sir Francis Drake does not make a success of the second circumnavigation.

It is necessary to try to include/understand while placing us at the 16th century the chances, the difficulties and the heroism of such a company.

First circumnavigators

Here the list of the first 18 men has to have made the round the world tour:

Juan Sebastiãn Elcano Capitaine
Francisco Albo Pilote
Miguel off Ground First Master
Jean de Acurios Boatswain
Hans Aacher Canonnier
Hernando Bustamente Barbier
Martin de Judicibus Marin
Diego Carmona Marin
Nicholas the Greek Marin
Miguel Sanchez Marin
Francisco Rodrigues Marin
Juan Rodrigues de Huelva Marin
Antonio Hernãndez Marin
Juan de Arratia Marin
Juan de Santandres Marin
Vasco Gums Marine Gallego
Juan de Zubileta Marine
Antonio Momentary Pigafetta

See too

Works

marine main Magellan , of S.G. Lays, adapted by Therese Enoé, ED. Nathan, 1965
Magellan , of Stefan Zweig.
Magellan: the ground is round , of Jean-Michel Barrault
Beyond the edge of the world , of Laurence Bergreen
the voyage of Magellan (15919-1522). The relation of Antonio Pigafetta & other testimonys , Edition established by Xavier of Castro, Jocelyne Hamon & Luís Filipe Thomaz, foreword of Carmen Bernand & Xavier of Castro. 2 vol. 1088 p. Chandeigne, 2007 maritime Gate|Gate Rebirth}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Magellan, Fernand}} [[Category: Navigator celebrates]] [[Category: Portuguese explorer]] [[Category: Explorer of the Pacific]] [[Category: Died with the war]] [[Category: Birth in 1480]] [[Category: Death in 1521]] [[af: Ferdinand Magellaan]] [[year: Ferrando de Magallans]] [[rear: ماجلان]] [[ast: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[az: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[bg: ФернандоМагелан]] [[Br: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[bs: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[Ca: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[cbk-zam: Fernando de Magallanes]] [[CH: Fetnando Magallanes]] [[Cs: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[cy: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[da: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[of: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[el: Φερδινάνδος Μαγγελάνος]] [[in: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[eo: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[be: Fernando de Magallanes]] [[have: Fernao de Magalhaes]] [[F: فردیناندماژلان]] [[fi: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[fy: Ferdinand Magellaan]] [[ga: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[gl: Fernán de Magalláns]] [[He: פרדיננדמגלן]] [[hi: फ़र्दिनान्दमैगलन]] [[hr: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[hu: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[ia: Ferdinando Magellanes]] [[id: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[io: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[is: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[it: Ferdinando Magellano]] [[ja: フェルディナンド・マゼラン]] [[jv: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[ka: ფერნანდომაგელანი]] [[kN: ಫೆರ್ಡಿನೆಂಡ್ಮೆಗಲನ್]] [[KB: 페르디난드마젤란]] [[ku: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[it: Ferdinandus Magellanus]] [[lb: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[lt: Ferdinandas Magelanas]] [[lv: Fernāns Magelāns]] [[mk: ФернандоМагелан]] [[ms: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[nl: Ferdinand Magellaan]] [[N: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[No: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[pl: Ferdynand Magellan]] [[Pt: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[ro: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[Ru: Магеллан, Фернан]] [[SNA: Firdinannu Magillanu]] [[sco: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[HS: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[simple: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[sk: Fernão de Magalhães]] [[SSL: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[sq: Ferdinand Magelani]] [[Sr: ФернандоМагелан]] [[sv: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[your: பெர்டினென்ட்மகலன்]] [[tg: ФердинанМагелан]] [[HT: เฟอร์ดินันด์มาเจลลัน]] [[Tl: Fernando de Magallanes]] [[tr: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[the U.K.: ФернанМагеллан]] [[VI: Ferdinand Magellan]] [[zh: 斐迪南·麥哲倫
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