Ferdinand Ier of Parma

Ferdinand de Bourbon known as Ferdinand 1st of Parma (Parma, 1751 - Fontevivo, 1802) was duke of Parma and Pleasure (1765-1801).

He is the son of Philippe Ier of Parma and Elisabeth de France (1727-1759) girl of Louis XV.

the bringing together with Austria

At died of Philippe Ier of Parma in 1765, the France and the Spain put all works about it to organize the marriage of the son of Philippe, Ferdinand. Guillaume of Tillot, Prime Minister of Ferdinand, set up by the France and the Spain and protected by the Duke from Choiseul, expressed its preference for Marie Béatrice d' Este, girl of the duke of Modena Ercole Renato, with died of this one, the two duchies would have amalgamated between the hands of Ferdinand. The duke of Choiseul proposed Miss d' Orléans, particularly rich person but Spain pushed back this proposal. The future Joseph II of Austria took care of the interests of the Empire, if the duchy remained without heir, this one could go back to Austria. France and Spain tergiversating, the court of Vienna could make converge the opinions of all by proposing Marie-Amélie of Habsbourg-Lorraine, girl of Marie-Therese of Austria and sister of Marie-Antoinette queen of France and wife of Louis XVI. The June 21st 1769, 19 years old Ferdinand asked for the hand of Marie-Amélie, 23 years old after the papal exemption because of their close relationship. The marriage was celebrated with Vienna by procuration the June 27th 1769. Marie-Amélie left Austria on July 1st 1769 and arrived at Mantoue the July 16th accompanied by her brother the Joseph emperor, Ferdinand went in their opposition accompanied by the duke Sforza Cesarini and the duke Grillo. During a ceremony, the bishop confirmed the marriage on July 19th in the Ducal Palais of Colorno and it was followed festivals and spectacles. The ducal couple joined Parma the 24 in the morning.

a government under control of the foreign powers

The duchy was controlled since 1759 by Guillaume Of Tillot set up by the France. On her arrival, Marie-Amélie wanted to substitute the Austrian influence for that French and Spanish. She was opposed to the Prime Minister openly and obtained from her husband her reference in spite of the opposition of France and Spain. The two powers sent Spanish Jose de Llano in the capacity as minister with very severe orders in order to cleanse the cases of the duchy which were always empty because of the disordered life of the ducal couple. Very badly accommodated, Jose de Llano was laid off in October 1772.

Consequences of the French revolution

The changes brought by the French revolution and the danger to peace forced Ferdinand to be declared neutral even if in same time, it signed a secret pact with Austria on May 13rd, 1794. In 1796, Bonaparte is lived to entrust the army of Italy which entered to Milan on May 15th after being entered in Plaisance and Parma on which heavy contributions were imposed. The duchy was a continual passage of troops which clashed. In February 1801, by the Treated of Lunéville, the duke receives the Toscane and in May 1801 by the Traité of Aranjuez, it is despoiled duchy with the profit of France, his Ludovic son receives Étrurie, in the capacity as king. Ferdinand is then supervised by Médéric Louis Elie Moreau de Saint Méry which was presented to him by the count Francesco Schizzati on March 17th, 1801. October 9th, 1802, Ferdinand dies in Fontevivo can be by poisoning, the count Corrado Marazzini was suspecté by it. Dying Ferdinand, it indicated for Ludovic heir and regent the count Schizzati and the marquis Ventura, regency lasted only a few days, Moreau de Saint Méry fascinating possession of the duchy in the name of France.

Children

Of their union, the ducal couple had seven children:

Caroline of Bourbon (Carolina) (November 22nd, 1770 - March 1st, 1804).
Ludovic I di Bourbon (Ludovico) (August 5th, 1773 - May 27th, 1803). Duke of Parma and King of Etrurie.
Marie Antoinette of Bourbon (Maria Antonietta) (November 28th, 1774 - February 20th, 1841), nun with the Ursulines.
Charlotte of Bourbon (Carlotta) (September 7th, 1777 - April 5th, 1813), entered the orders.
Philippe Marie de Bourbon (Filippo) (May 22nd, 1783 - July 2nd, 1786).
Antoinette Louise de Bourbon (Antonietta Luisa) (October 21st, 1784).
Louise Marie de Bourbon (Luisa Maria) (April 17th, 1787 - November 22nd, 1789).

Sources

encyclopedic Larousse colors, France Leisures 1978.
Genealogical table of the House of Bourbon of Bernard Mathieu Edict of the Turret (1984)
Parma E Vienna , Adele Vittoria Marchi, edition Artegrafica Silva Parma 1988

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