Fall in the birth rate

There is fall in the birth rate when the Birth rate is sufficiently low to make so that the population ages and does not renew itself.

History

In the year -18, the law Juliae on the Marriage and the Adultère is adopted with Rome. Auguste tries to fight against the fall in the birth rate developed by the practice of the celibacy and the multiplication of the unions without children, who prevails especially in the privileged orders.
Dans second half of the XIXe century, the French couples restrict their downward. It is the first historical apparation of the phenomenon of fall in the birth rate.

Causes

The causes of the fall in the birth rate are still badly included/understood by the demographers.

traditional Explanations:
Plusieurs assumptions are studied for the contemporary time, various causes being able to follow one another by adding again their effects to the preceding ones or while being attenuated by policies or contexts natalists.
From the second part of the 18th century, a certain political stability, War S and conflicts fewer allowed better Récolte S and a reduction in the Famine S and poverty. Agricultural and zootechnical technical improvements (selection according to the " laws of the genetics " , invention of the Bocage) again increased the output of harvests which had often crumbled in the Middle Ages. The crises of subsistence are thus done rarer, whereas new continents open with exploration and the European colonisaton; as many elements which could explains the demographic strong growth of the 18th century, increase implying a pressure increased on the local resources (forest in particular), which will result in the exploitation of resources distant with the beginning from the great colonial periods.

Much later, the wars was short periods of fall in the birth rate, followed in certain countries of a baby-boom encouraged by the States.
Les progress of the hygiene and the technique of accompaniment of the pregnancy and the childbirth, compounds to the generaliation of the means of control of the reproduction seem to have for consequences a reduction in the birthrate at the rich person and his increase at the poor, with some exceptions related to moral or religious principles prohibiting for example the birth control.

environmental causes? Some Toxique S (Heavy metals, Pesticide S, etc) widespread in the Environnement by the human activities are proven factors of délétion of the Spermatogenèse or undermine the ovules or to the good progress of fecundation or the pregnancy (one says them " Reprotoxique s". the number of couples having difficulties in make children is in regular increase.

psychosocial Causes:
Plus recently, in particular in the troughs of low pressure economic and/or affected areas by the repercussions of the catastrophe of Tchernobyl, including in very catholic countries, one observed a very strong fall of the birthrate, in particular in countries such as the Estonia or the Bielorussia. The Déchristianisation of the company is sometimes evoked, as well as an individual behavior more maltusien vis-a-vis the spectrum of the overpopulation, to which certain intellectuals (generally resulting from the catholic mediums) oppose that of the demographic Crash. The embrittlement of the family in a mondialized economy is also a factor advanced by some.
D' other very discussed assumptions still evoke impacts of the electromagnetic fields (under the lines with high voltage, near transformers.), even waves emitted by the antennas of telephony or cell phones.
Les advanced echography, allowed, in a legal way or not, a selection of the boys who are appreciated in certain countries (China, India), the number of woman being less low than that of the men could have consequence in term of demography. In China this is added to a policy natalist (a child by couple) installation by the Communist party to avoid a situation of Surpopulation

Under-conclusion:
La fall in the birth rate thus seems to have complex and multiple causes; consequences at the same time of progress of the Agriculture, the Medicine, the education, the social reports/ratios, the Social protection, and event such as wars or accidents (Tchernobyl) as well as evolutions of the feeling of confidence in the future of the populations.

Contemporary time

The fall in the birth rate is a demographic phenomenon observed in several Western nations and certain countries of Asia.

In 2005, at the European level, only Turkey has a rate higher than 2 which guarantees the renewal of the generations. The European average is at the neighborhoods of 1,4 children per mother in age to procreate. Russia also knows this kind of problem and will have to resort to massive immigration in the next years if she wants to maintain her active population.

Germany

It is provided that in 2035, the Germany will be the country whose population will be oldest. A woman on four gives up it having children, and, for the graduate academics, it is one on two. According to the newspaper Der Spiegel (2005), “the elite of the Republic does not reproduce any more”.

State German, which has usually as an attitude to consider normal that the women remain at the house, has some challenges to take up if a Family policy must be established. On a side, the family policies were associated with the difficult time Nazi E. On another side, that of old GDR, the Garderie S were associated with the Endoctrinement communist State .

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