Extracto (ley)

The nitrogenizes is a chemical element of the family of the Pnictogène S, symbol NR and Atomic number 7.

The nitrogen is the 34e element constituting the Earth's crust by order of importance.

The “mineral” containing nitrogen are primarily the Nitrate S: Nitrate of potassium KNO3 (component of the Salpetre) or “niter” which was formerly used to make explosive powders; Nitrate of sodium NaNO3 (component of the salpetre of Chile ).

In the language running, the nitrogen indicates diatomic gas Diazote N2, component majority of the terrestrial atmosphere, representing the 4/5e almost air.

History

The Latin name “nitrogenium” comes from the Greek nitron gennan , which means “formative of salpetre” (Nitrate of Potassium). The chemical symbol NR comes from this origin.

The English term to indicate nitrogen is nitrogen . There exists also the name nitrogen in French, but name nitrogenizes is most frequent.

Antoine Lavoisier chose the name nitrogenizes , made up of has (privative) and of the Greek radical ζωτ- , “living” and thus means “private life” , owing to the fact that contrary to the oxygen, it does not maintain the life the animals.

The nitrogen was isolated by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, however the nitrogenized compounds are known since antiquity. One prepared it by extracting from the air dioxygene and carbon dioxide.

It was mainly used in the form of nitrates, in manures and explosives for the Munition S of war and hunting or explosive civilians.

Properties

Physical properties

With the normal atmospheric pressure:

  • the N2 nitrogen condenses (or vaporizes) with -196°C;
  • its viscosity is of 1,75 Pa.s with 20°C;
  • its Solubility in water with atmospheric pressure, equalizes with 22,0 mol/l with 15°C, is half of that of the Oxygène.

Exploitation and uses

Composed of nitrogen

The chemical element “nitrogenizes” is one of the principal components of Living and the ecosystem S as of the Agrosystème S (cf cycles Nitrogen). It enters the composition of the Protéine S (for approximately 15  %). The nitrogen is present in very many chemicals, of which some Pesticide S said to ( “substituted ureas” )

The nitrogen was exploited and is still as a natural Engrais in the animal Urée (or human) and the Guano (excrements dryness of bird or bat), in particular with the Chile, the Peru, in India, Bolivia, Spain, Italy and Russia. Niter (mineral natural nitrate) was formerly collected to produce the Gunpowder.

Today, its compounds are primarily produced industrially by chemical Synthèse for many uses, of which for example:

  • fertilizer agricultural (Manure); ammonium salts are absorbed by the plants, which are then forced to absorb more water (osmotic balance). These salts force the plant thus to grow bigger. So of other minerals are present in sufficiency (phophore, potassium in particular) this nitrogen dopes the growth of the crop plants. Nitrogen for this reason is used in the form of Nitrate of Ammonium, NH4NO3, of Sulfate of ammonia, (NH4) 2SO4, of Monophosphate of ammonium, NH4H2PO4, or of urea, CO (NH2) 2. It is with the jourd' today the principal use of nitrogen in the world, which is also responsible for a generalized pollution (Eutrophisation, Dystrophisation) of the environment (water of tablecloths, estuaries, unquestionable littoral, with the appearance of vast dead zones in the oceans considered to be very alarming by UNO).

  • medicinal products:
    • certain nitrates “ organic S”, the such Nitroglycerin, are used to look after certain cardiovascular affections;
    • the Protoxyde of nitrogen (laughing gas) is used like anesthetic;
  • the Ammonia NH3, used like Polymeric raw material of production of S, explosives, manures, or like fluid cooling in unquestionable industrial facilities;
  • combustible (the Hydrazine and others derived like fuels from rocket);
  • explosive (organic chemical compounds which have several groups - ONO2 or - NO2: Dynamite).
  • propellent gases for bombs Aerosol S (N2O) or aerographers;
  • preserving (E250, NaNO2);
  • azide of sodium, used to inflate instantaneously the cushions of protection " airbags" in the event of shock.

Diazotize

Today, the gas nitrogen or Diazote is generally obtained by liquefaction of the Air, of which it is the principal component with a concentration of 78.06% in volume and 75.5% in weight. The worldwide production is of approximately 150  million tons per annum.

See also: Diazotizes

The gas diazotizes itself has in particular the following applications:

  • “neutral” gas used to protect (thanks to the constitution of a confined inert atmosphere) from the products, objects or containers (cisterns for example) in industry, the museums or other places: protection against corrosion, of the insects, mushrooms… ;
  • gas used as Pesticide soft to eliminate by asphyxiation the worms from wood or certain organizations (ex: Small vrillette) having colonized fragile old objects (frameworks, sculptures and objects of wood, incunables, parchments, engravings, etc);
  • pneumatic gas of inflation of S. Although the air contains already 78  % of nitrogen (of Diazotizes to be more precise), certain professionals of the Aviation or the Formule 1, (for example), increase this proportion and inflate the tires with almost pure nitrogen. This gas having the property to be inert and stable preserve a more constant Pressure even in the event of intense heating of the tire. Moreover this gas flees with difficulty. A polemic exists besides as for the introduction of this method for the particular vehicles. Indeed, those are subjected to quite less constraints what returns the difference with the less notable air. On the other hand inflation becomes paying and one often reproaches him for having a price not justified (inflation with the air often free and is considered to be satisfactory). Those which use it should have, in theory, to rectify inflation more rarely, but they must nevertheless control the pressures regularly.
  • active gas to inflate the accumulating hydraulics because of its passivity with respect to oils.
  • agent of fire control: combined to 50% of Argon and sometimes with Carbon dioxide, it is present in certain installations of automatic extinction at gas protecting from the computer rooms or particular storages not having to be damaged by powder or water. Preserved in metal bottles under a pressure of approximately 200  bars, it is released in a room where a beginning of Incendie was detected. The volume of diazotizes injected replaces part of the atmosphere of the part and involves a fall of the oxygen rate in the air. The level generally selected of 15  % of Comburant stops the phenomenon of Combustion without effect Létal on human breathing;
  • nitrogenizes liquid: cooling agent.

Diazotizes, contrary to halogenous chemical inhibiting gases and to CFC presents a priori no effect harmful for the environment (not of impact on the Greenhouse effect, nor on the Couche of ozone). But it requires bulky tanks, adapted drains and constructive measurements to face the brutal relaxation of an equivalent of 40 with 50  % of protected volume.

Danger of gas diazotizes: the use of diazotizes to create inert confined atmospheres is at the origin of several deaths per asphyxiation, lorqu' a person penetrates without realizing in an inerted enclosure it; it is necessary to check the presence of a sufficient proportion of oxygen in such spaces confined before penetrating there, or being equipped with a self-rescuer.

See also: Azote liquidates

See too

nitrogenize|nitrogenize

See also: Cycle of the nitrogen

External bonds

  • Characteristic of nitrogen, on the site of Liquid air
  • Role of nitrogen like nutritive element for a plant
  • Gate of an international work group on nitrogenized pollution (UNO), tallied by the Total Program off Action for the Protection off the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (UNO/PNUED)

Simple: Nitrogen Zh-min-nan: NR (goân-sò͘) Zh-yue: 氮

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