Even

A even (of very English ) is a recognizable cultural element (for example: a concept, a practice, information, a phenomenon, an attitude, etc), retorted and transmitted by the imitation of the behavior of an individual by other individuals. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the Even like an element of a culture which can be regarded as transmitted by average not genetics, in particular by the imitation .

The term of even was proposed for the first time by Richard Dawkins in the egoistic Gène (1976) and comes from an association between Gène and mimesis (of the Greek “imitation”). The same ones were presented by Dawkins like replicator S, comparable for this reason with genes, but responsible for the evolution for certain animal behaviors and Culture S.

The study of same gave rise to a new science: the Mémétique. This one gave place has many publications and books of popularization, in particular with the the United States.

Definition

The definition which Dawkins gives corresponds to a " unit of contained information in brain, exchangeable within a société". They result from an assumption according to which the Culture S would evolve/move like the living beings, by variations and Natural selection. Following the example gene, the same one would be the basic unit in this evolution.

Even and Mémétique are similar to Gène and Génétique, applied to the elements of the Culture S and not to the biological Individu S.

The same one is the exchangeable cognitive unit, allowing the replication within an social environment of complex memic , called Mémotype S, whose variations in structure would constitute the equivalent of the known changes in biology. Demonstration of this mémotype is then Phémotype (term used by Robert Aunger), whose distinction of the mémotype is prone to controversies, and conditions the fastening of the evolution of these entities to an evolution lamarckienne or darwinienne. Same, possibly gathered in the complexes mémiques ones, are not retorted within the individuals, but cause their replication by causing the imitation of the behavior which they confer on the individual lodging them, by other individuals. Their " survie" is thus built on their capacity to cause an imitable behavior, and is thus subjected to a selection.

One speaks for example about “viral Communication” (William Seward Burroughs) for the diffusion of Bouche-à-oreille of Information and Concept S.

According to this assumption, all Culture consists of exchangeable units, which it conveys from one individual to another, and is maintained thus through time by undergoing however variations. Their role can be banal (for example: titrate song in vogue, marks very known,…) or crucial for the life in society (for example: Paradigm, common Convention,…). Same can be largely widespread because it tends to to diffuse by itself once crossed a critical mass of users of the term (Percolation).

A stable definition of same does not exist yet clearly to date. According to the authors, the definition used generally adapts to their own work or opinions. A classification of these various approaches, is brought by work of Pascal Jouxtel and the French-speaking company of memetic.

  • the individual abstract idea: same logic, like instruction, choice, personal ethics, code of conduct, algorithm.
  • the collective abstract idea: same symbolic system, like symbol, dogma, ideology, value, Community bond
  • the individual concrete object: the same neuronal one, like electrochemical neuronal diagram
  • the collective concrete object: same practice, like language, organization, cultural feature, convention, process, functional diagram

See too

even|even

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