Eulophidae

The Eulophidae are a family of insects Hyménoptère S Apocrite Térébrant of the super family of the Chalcidoidea . They are parasitoïdes of Lépidoptères, the Dipterous ones or Coleopters. Species of this family were used in biological Lutte against various ravageurs of the cultures.

Morphology

Cut from 0,4 to 6 mm (1 to 3 mm generally). Squat bodies with lengthened, yellowish with brownish with metal reflections.

Antennas from 7 to 10 articles at most, the male having often the pectinate antennas.

Tarsi with 4 segments. Petiolate abdomen.

Often metallic, or left luster yellow sharp.
4 articles with the tarsi.
reduced Articles antennaires (<10).
Almost always a throttling between thorax and abdomen.

They are different from the

Pteromalidae from:

4 articles with the tarsi

Aphelinidae from:

presence of a throttling
scutellum with side furrows

Taxonomy

The Eulophidae are divided into 4 subfamilies: Eulophinae , Entedontinae , Tetrastichinae , Euderinae , gathering 540 kinds for 4000 described species. A big number of kinds are represented only by one with some species.

Molecular phylogenetic studies published into 2000 would integrate the family of the Elasmidae like a kind of under family of the Eulophinae (Hym. Chalcidoidea ). (Gauthier, and Al 2000).

Entedontinae : Achrysocharis , Achrysocharella , Asecodes , Chrysocharis , Chrysonotomyia , Closterocerus , Derostenus , Edovum , Entedon , Holcopelte , Neochrysocharis , Omphale , Paracrias , Pediobius , Ionympha , Telopterus , Zaommomyia …
Eulophinae : Aulogymnus , Cirrospilus Deutereulophus , Dicladocerus , Dyglyphus , Eulophus , Euplectrus , Euplectomorpha , Elachertus , Hyssopus , Notanisomorphella , Pnigalio , Stenomesius , Sympiesis , Zagrammosoma …
Euderinae : Acrias , Astichus , Euderus …
Tetrastichinae : Baryscapus , Melittobia , Neotrichoporoides , Quadrastichus , Tetrastichus …

Biology

The Eulophidae are ectoparasitoïdes of Lépidoptère S and minor insects of sheets of which the Agromyzidae , Curculionidae , Tenthrède S. The Tetrastichinae are endoparasitoïdes eggs, larvae and of pupes of Diptère S, Lépidoptères or Coléoptère S ( Tetrastichus ). The Euderinae attack eggs or larvae of Lépidoptères, of Coleopters. With Madagascar, the larvae of the thorny louse of the Riz Dicladispa gestroi are parasitized by 3 species: Notanisomorphella somalica , vigintiquinque Pediobus (ectoparasitoïdes) and Chrysonotomia sp (endoparasitoïde). Tetrastichus hagenowii parasite of eggs of Blatte S is widespread in the whole world. The kinds Euplectrus , Eulophus are ectoparasitoïdes. Some are oophages.

Use in biological fight

Polyphagous, Pediobius furvus is endemic in intertropical Africa. It was introduced with Madagascar starting from the Uganda in 1968 on various cultures against the nymphs of the pink borer Sesamia calamistis . It was established in the center of the island and on the east coast and has a great ecological plasticity.
Introduces India via Maurice in 1972, Tetrastichus israeli was released in Madagascar on Chilo partellus , ravageur of the Canne to sugar.
Introduces in 1972 in Madagascar, Trichospilus diatraeae is originating in India. It was acclimatized on Chilo sacchariphagus to Maurice and on Sesamia calamistis to the Réunion.
Sympiesis viridula , introduced Europe with the Canada, is endoparasitoide European corn borer.
Edovum puttleri , originating in Colombia (endoparasitoïde solitary) control in the USA by lâchers in eggs of the Colorado beetle of the Potato.
Diglyphus isaea is used in releasing preventive at a rate of a total amount of 1 ' 000/ha against Liriomysa trifolii (Diptera Agromysidae ) under greenhouses of Tomate S and Concombre S.

References

Askew, R.R. 1968. Hymenoptera 2. Chalcidoidea Section (b). Handbooks for the Indentification off British Insects 8 (2) B: 39pp.
Askew, R.R. 1971. Parasitic insects: xvii+316pp. American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). With biosystematic revision off generated off fourteen families, with has reclassification off species: 832pp. International CAB, Wallingford, Oxon, the U.K., Cambrian News Ltd; Aberystwyth, Wales.
Boucek, Z. & Askew, R.R. 1968a. Palaearctic Eulophidae sine Tetrastichinae . Index off Entomophagous Insects 3:260 p. (ED.: Delucchi, V.; Remaudière, G.) Francois, Paris.
Bryan, G. 1980. The British species off Achrysocharoides (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae ). Systematic Entomology 5 (3): 245-262.
Burks, STRIP CARTOONS 1965. The North American species off Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae ). Proceedings off the Biological Society off Washington 78:201 - 208.
Clancy, D.W. 1946. The insect parasitic off Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 7:403 - 496.
Dahms, E.C. 1984. Revision off the genus Melittobia (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae ) with the description off seven new species. Memoirs off the Queensland Museum 21:271 - 336.
Delvare G. & Aberlenc P., 1989. Insects of Africa and tropical America. Keys for the recognition of the families. PRIFAS, CIRAD edition.
Tool bag, C. 1929. The Asiatic and African species off the genus Elasmus Westw. (Hym, Chalcid.). Bulletin off Entomological Research 20:411 - 423.
Gauld I. and Bolton B., 1988. The will hymenoptera. British Museum, 332 pp.
Gauthier, NR., LaSalle, J., Quicke, D.L.J. & Godfray, H.C.J. 2000. Phylogeny off Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea ), with has reclassification off Eulophinae and the recognition that Elasmidae are derived eulophids. Systematic Entomology 25:521 - 539.
Graham, M.W.R. of V. 1959. Keys to the British generated and species off Elachertinae , Eulophinae , Entedontinae and Euderinae (Hym., Chalcidoidea ). Transactions off the Society for British Entomology 13 (10): 169-204.
Graham, M.W.R. of V. 1963. Additions and corrections to the British list off Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea ). Transactions off the Society for British Entomology 15 (9): 167-275.
Graham, M.W.R. of V. 1987. With reclassification off the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with has revision off some generated. Bulletin off the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology series) 55 (1): 1-392.
Graham, M.W.R. of V. 1991. With reclassification off the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): revision off the remaining generated. Memoirs off the American Entomological Institute No 49:322 pp.
Graham, M.W.R. of V. 1995. European Elasmus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea , Elasmidae ) with has off key and descriptions five new species. Entomologist' S Monthly Magazine 131:1 - 23.
Hansson, C. 1985. Taxonomy and biology off the Palaearctic species off Chrysocharis Forster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Ent. Scand. (supplement) 26:1 - 130.
Hansson, C. 1987. Revision off the New World species off Chrysocharis Forster (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae ). Ent. Scand. (supplement) 31:3 - 86.
LaSalle, J. 1994a. North American generated off Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae ). Newspaper off Natural History 28:109 - 236.
Peck, O. 1963. Catalog off the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta has; Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist (Supplement) 30:1 - 1092.
Riek, E.F. 1967. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea family Eulophidae , subfamily Elasminae. Australian Newspaper off Zoology 15:145 - 199.
Schauff, M.E. 1991. The Holarctic generated off Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae ). Contributions off the American Entomological Institute 26 (4): 109pp.

See too

Chalcidoidea
Glossary of the insect
entomophagous Insects

See too

National History Museum, London: Notes one familie Eulophidae
United States Department off Agriculture (USDA), Systematic Entomology Laboratory: Eulophidae

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