Etienne Marcel - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Context: the feudal company in crisis

Etienne Marcel, like Jacob Van Artevelde in Flandres, is a personality resulting from large the patriciat urban near to the capacity which was illustrated by the defense of the small craftsmen and companions who train large townsmen. For as much, it are only the most known catalysts of a deep movement of reform answering the crisis of the feudal system: with and 15th centuries, the nobility and the clergy do not hold any more the role which was initially assigned to them in a company incorporating three commands. The economic transfers and cultural give place to a differentiation within the State Third of the middle-class which takes a place impossible to circumvent on all the levels of the company. Dissatisfaction inherent in the crisis and the example of the Flemish, Italian cities or of the Hanse give the opportunity to him to try to show that the cities would be more capable to manage the company and to answer the new economic imperatives increasingly centered on the trade and less on the land and buildings.

Rise to power of the middle-class

Since the Rebirth of the year millet where it was structured, the medieval company evolved/moved considerably. The Europe strongly progressed technically, artistically and démographiquement. The cities developed creating new social classes centered on the craft industry and the trade. The feudal system and monk incorporating three commands founded since the movement of the Paix of God is adapted to an agricultural and decentralized company. The nobility protects the grounds and returns justice. The monks are the spiritual guides of the community: they deal with social works and contribute to maintain and develop the culture. The peasants, as for them, by their work, provide the producing function. Starting from the end of the 13th century, balance between the three orders breaks. The urban development required the creation of a centralized State returning justice, unifying the currency and having to protect the country against the possible attacks from kingdoms able to raise important armies. Such a structure must be financed and the State all the more requires for financial resources that the feudal system is maintained by the redistribution of richnesses towards its vassal. Large the patriciat tradesman has very abundant financial resources which it lends to the princes and to the ecclesiastics: he becomes an inevitable actor.

Not having an administration sufficient and wanting to limit the power of large feudal, the Capétiens delegate to the middle-class man political, tax and legal powers more and more creating true free zones with the large commercial crossroads. The multiplication of the businesses to be regulated made impossible their only treatment by the kings and the large nobility who then delegated part of their judicial powers to Parliament S and other courts of justice. At the time, rather than to maintain an expensive administration, the sovereigns took the practice to make take the taxes by particular rich person who yield the desired amount to them and refund themselves by perceiving the taxes for their account, which ensures of comfortable benefit. In England, the reverses of Jean without Ground against Philippe Auguste had led the English barons to impose to him in 1215 the Magna Carta, the Large Charter, which instituted, inter alia, the freedom of the cities and the control of the taxation by the Parlement.

In France, Philippe Beautiful the founds General states where the nobility, the clergy and the cities are represented, to have a legitimacy to raise taxes including on the grounds of Church and to gather the incipient nation to make block against the pope who cannot accept such taxes and proclaims the primacy of spiritual on the temporal one (by the pontifical Bulle Unam Sanctam of 1302, Boniface VIII asserts the introduction of a Théocratie).

In addition, for the needs for the trade, then for its own social rise the urban patriciat dealt with part of the culture, creating public schools and financing a cultural patronage. Same manner, it finances many social works. The majority of the technical innovations are then the fact the laic ones, engineers, architects (such Villard de Honnecourt), craftsmen (such Jacoppo and Giovanni di Dondi originators of the clock with exhaust)… The clergy loses part of its cultural or social role in urban spaces.

To obtain the political role that their increasing importance in the company should give them, of many middle-class men try to be anoblis. It is the way which chooses for example Robert de Lorris which, become near to advise of Jean the Good, uses of its support or judicious matrimonial alliances to place its close relations. High the Bourgeoisie adopts behaviors which point out those of the nobility: prévôté for example in 1330 a Tournoi organizes where middle-class men fight like Chevalier S. Those which, like Etienne Marcel, do not belong to the very restricted circle of the capacity under Jean the Good and whose social advancement is blocked become the most enthusiastic promoters of a political reform which must lead to the control of monarchy by the States.

Crisis of feudality

Whereas, under the effect of progress of the agrarian techniques and the clearings, the population increases in Occident since the 10th century, one crosses a threshold which exceeds agricultural production capacities in certain zones of Europe as of the end of the 13th century. By the play of the successional divisions the pieces are reduced: they do not have any more in 1310 but the third of their average surface of 1240. Certain areas as Flandres are in overpopulation and try to gain cultivable grounds on the sea, nevertheless to meet their needs they choose a saving in trade making it possible to import the agricultural food products. In England, as of 1279, 46% of the peasants have only one cultivable surface lower than 5 hectares. However, to nourish a family of 5 people, it is necessary from 4 to 5 hectares and the evolution of the economy towards the specialization of the production and the trade cause bad harvests which are translated because of demographic pressure into Famine S (which had disappeared since the 12th century) in the north of Europe into 1314, 1315 and 1316: Ypres loses 10% of its population and Bruges 5% in 1316. In France, the king Philippe VI needs to reinflate the cases of the State and a war would make it possible to raise exceptional taxes.

The rise of the trade made certain areas dependant economically on one or other kingdom. At that time the transport of freight is done primarily by sea route or river. The Champagne and Burgundy feed Paris via the the Seine and its affluents and are thus pro-Frenchwomen. The Normandy is divided because it is the point of union between this economic basin and the Manche which becomes a zone of increasingly intense exchanges thanks to progress of the maritime techniques (the skirting of the Iberian peninsula by the Italian ships becomes increasingly frequent). The Aquitanian which exports its wine in England, the Brittany which exports its salt and Flandres which import British wool may find it very beneficial to be in the English sphere of influence. Thus, the Flemish merchants while wanting to escape the French tax pressure, revolt in a recurring way against the king of France; from where successive battles of Courtrai in 1302 (where the French knighthood is rolled and where the Flemish middle-class men show that the cities can beat the royal Ost militarily) of Mons-in-Pévèle in 1304 and of Cassel in 1328 (where Philippe VI subdue the Flemish rebels). The Flemings give their support for the king of England, declaring even in 1340 qu ' Edouard III is legitimates it king of France. The two States thus may find it beneficial to increase their territorial possessions to increase their tax re-entries and to reinflate their finances. Consequently, the intrigues of the two kings to make pass the Guyenne, the Brittany and Flandres under their influence lead quickly to the war between the two States: it will last 116 years. Obviously the consequences of this interminable war are heavy for the trade, the more so as it involve an increase in the tax pressure.

The discredit of Valois

In France, the beginning of the Guerre One hundred Year old is catastrophic and the royal capacity very disputed starting from the defeat of Crécy in 1346. Moreover, thanks to a series of artifices legal, Philippe VI, is assembled on the throne of France to the detriment of Edouard III which asserts also this place as grandson of Philippe IV Beautiful the by his/her mother.

Same manner Charles II of Navarre can claim with the throne, its Jeanne mother, girl of Louis X Hutin having been isolated at the time of the dynastic crisis of 1316-1328 to prevent that a foreigner can by marriage take the control of the country. The operations of king de Navarre to play of the Franco-English competition and the ascending one that it takes on the duke of Normandy lead Jean the Good to intervene brutally: April 5th, 1356 in Rouen, the king seizes himself of the Navarrese and the fact of throwing in prison. At that time, the nobility must justify its social status by a chivalrous control on the battle field. However, Crécy is a disaster against an army however much lower numerically and where Philippe VI escapes, calling into question the divine legitimacy of the Valois. This discredit is worsened by the appearance of the Grande plague in 1348 corroborating the idea that this dynasty was not supported by God. Edouard III and Charles de Navarre thus see the occasion to put forward their respective claims with the crown of France and benefit from it to allure the cities while letting hope for the institution of a controlled monarchy.

In addition, the country balks to pay the taxes necessary to the operation of the state: since Philippe Beautiful the the sovereigns resort to monetary changes which weaken the court of the currency and involve a strong inflation but which allow important receipts. The state is well the only one has to draw benefit from it. The nobility, the clergy and the upper middle class which are landowners see melting the value of the revenues and rents. Devaluations weigh on exchanges penalize trade (the more so as Paris is an immense center of consumption and must import goods which become increasingly expensive in particular fabrics of Flandres) and on the purchasing power of the remainder of the population. On the whole richest, wish a currency hard, poorest one currency soft, but everyone with interest with a stable currency. The beginnings of the war, catastrophic for the kingdom of France of the war involved an additional expenditure: ransoms to be paid, armed to finance, cities to be strengthened… The trade is obstructed by the action of the companies which prevail as from 1356: the cities do not have any interest with the war. The devastations of the plague involve new imbalances: the shortage of labor is likely to increase the labor costs and that of the agricultural food products. Jean the Good governs by the promulgation in 1351 of the Ordonnance on the trades of the town of Paris: it arbitrarily fixes the prices and the wages and allows the free installation of the workers (to avoid the bands of vagrants and plunderers who would devastate the country) what breaks the system of the Corporation S which protected the craftsmen in place already. As a capital it gathers a good part of the nobility (who must make be worth her statute by an ostentatious life and spend without counting) and of the administration. These large-scale consumers induce the installation of many craftsmen and artists. This family of clothiers is very wide and forms an interdependent network. The Marcel import fabrics of Flanders and of the Brabant, they are suppliers of the court and the king to which they lend also money.

Beginnings

Etienne Marcel, born between 1302 and 1310, wire of Simon Marcel, clothier, and of Isabelle Barbou, launches out in the years 1330 in the trade of cloth. Associated with Jean de Saint Benoit it sells at the court marbled verdelets , imported of Flanders and the Brabant. It Marie with Jeanne de Dammartin, girl of a rich person Parisian alderman, then with Marguerite of Essars, girl of a banker whose relations enable him to enter in policy and to create new bonds with the commercial rich person of the Flemish communes. Owner in Paris of many buildings, it lives street of Old woman-Drapery, in the island of the City.

Conflict with Robert de Lorris

However its allies Pierre of Essars (his father-in-law) or Jean Poilevillain, are regularly employed by the king for monetary changes which are a good means to get for the State financial resources when the tax becomes increasingly difficult to make accept. This handling which decreases the content of noble metals of the cash involves Dévaluation S which are very badly perceived by the population of the cities and the nobility (a devaluation reduces the value of the royalties seigneuriales to fixed amount).

In 1346, following the Battle of Crécy, they are made responsible for the bad government and are thrown in prison. Etienne Marcel would have interceded near the Count of Flanders Louis de Male to make release Pierre of Essarts. That Ci leaves prison without being condemned nor discharged but dies in 1349. Consequently Etienne Marcel is one of his heirs, but being wary of the fines which could fall on fortune from late once the finished lawsuit - it is concerned dowry of his wife - it refuses the succession.

Robert de Lorris another powerful middle-class man, is him also one of the sons-in-law of Pierre of Essars. He knew to return in the royal entourage since 1347, so much so that he is one of the close relations advisers of Jean the Good, of which he obtains on February 7th, 1352 the rehabilitation of Pierre of Essars. Informed well, it did not give up the succession and is the only one to inherit: 50000 pounds and Etienne Marcel in rupture with his medium of origin will choose into 1357 to become the champion of the street.

Provost of the merchants of Paris

Etienne Marcel enters both more prestigious Confrérie S Parisian: the Large-Brotherhood of Notre Dame (1338) and the Brotherhood Saint-Jacques-with-Pilgrims . The members of the latter make oath make the Pèlerinage of Saint-Jacques-of-Compostelle whose Navarre is a point of required passage and whose its king, Charles the Bad, is also member of the brotherhood (it is close to the reforming movement whose Etienne Marcel will be one of the principal leaders). Etienne Marcel takes a preeminent role in these brotherhoods and in 1350, it is quoted like provost of the Large-Brotherhood of Notre Dame . Extremely of its growing influence, it succeeds in 1354 Jean de Pacy like provost of the merchants.

In 1246, Saint Louis decides to align the statute of prévôté of Paris on that of the bailliages and names a provost civil servant. In order to avoid a conflict with the middle-class men dispossessed of their prerogatives, it authorizes them to elect their provost, and four alderman S which assists it, to represent them and deal with the provisioning of the city, of public works, the tax basis. The provost of the merchants, who with the jurisdiction on the river trade, takes for seal that of the merchants of water, powerful corporation holder since 1170 of the monopoly of the provisioning by inland waterway.

The competence of the provost of the merchants is theoretically limited to the commercial businesses, but the load quickly acquires a political role because of its strong bonds with the Parisian middle-class, which it defends vis-a-vis the abuses the royalty. The jurisdiction of the provost of the merchants is the visiting room with the Middle-class men. Etienne Marcel moves it in the house of the pillars on the place of Strike, current place of the Town hall.

General states of 1355 and 1356

Etienne Marcel is not essentially against Valois. On the contrary the interests of the king and those of the Parisian mediums of business converge: The war involves the blocking of the economic roads and the prosperity of Paris passes by the security of the Seine and the access to Flandres. With the General states of May 8th, 1355, one tries to simplify the calculation of the tax to make it more effective. The States are extremely being wary as for management of public finances (scalded by the Dévaluation S pulled by the monetary changes which made lose with the royal currency 82% of its value in one year). The nobility whose devaluations decrease the incomes (royalties due on their grounds are of fixed amount) has an imperative need for a hard currency. The tradesmen need especially a stable currency. After the ride of the black Prince in Languedoc and the duke of Lancaster in Artois, the states are aware of the need for raising an army, but still for more financing garrisons to defend the cities. The taxes returning badly and the new currency devaluating itself quickly, the States are again joined together in March 1356 and decide to widen the tax base by also taxing the land incomes. What appears difficult because one would need an administration able to quantify the incomes of the taxpayers.

Extremely of this army financed by the States, the king continues the Prince Noir launched in a news Chevauchée. He catches up with it in the south of Poitiers. The stake is more than soldier: it is necessary to regild the blazon of the nobility, largely tarnished since the disaster of Crécy and which moreover is unable to protect the people from plunderings whereas it is precisely its role in the medieval company. It is in this spirit that it returns the troops sent by the cities to support it with the battles of Poitiers: it is to the king and with the nobility to overcome. The battle takes place on September 19th, 1356, the king Jean the Good, not wanting to flee like had made his/her father with Crécy, fights heroically. It is made prisoner by the English, but acquires in this business a great prestige and saves its crown. The black Prince, impressed, makes so that it is received with the honors during his London captivity.

His/her son the dolphin Charles, which could leave the battle field, ensures regency and tries to negotiate with England while the demobilized mercenaries, gathered in Grandes companies, plunder the campaigns. To avoid such overflows, the dolphin proposes to create a standing army of: 30000 men. For that, it is necessary for him to find financings while raising new taxes which it asks the General states by convening them again.

The ordinance of 1357

Controlled monarchy

The beginnings of the regency of the Charles dolphin are difficult: he is only 18 years old, little personal prestige (the more so as he left the battle field of Poitiers contrary to its father and its brother Philippe Bold the), little experiment and must carry on his shoulders the discredit of Valois. He is surrounded of the members of the Conseil of the king of his father, who are very décriés.

The General states meet on October 17th, 1356. The dolphin, very weakened, will encounter a strong opposition: Etienne Marcel, with the head of the middle-class, combined with the friends of Charles II of Navarre, said Charles the Bad one, gathered around the bishop of Laon, Robert the Cock. The General states, declare the dolphin lieutenant of the king and defender of the kingdom in the absence of his father and associates to him a council of twelve representatives of each kind. The States require the dismissal of the most compromised advisers (honnis to have brutally devaluated the currency on several occasions), the capacity to elect a council which will assist the king as well as the release of the Navarrese. The dolphin close to the reforming ideas is not against the granting of a more important role of the States in the control of monarchy. On the other hand, the release of Charles de Navarre is unacceptable because it would put an end to the reign of Valois. Not enough powerful to be able to refuse from the start these proposals, the dolphin defers its answer (pretexting the arrival of messengers of its father. Selected Etienne, him the party of the companions and the tradesmen against the upper middle class and the speculators whom it holds for persons in charge of his misfortunes in the succession of Pierre of Essars: He becomes Master of the street.

During this time the dolphin Metz will return to homage to his/her uncle the emperor to Charles IV for the Dauphine one what enables him to obtain its diplomatic support. On its return in March 1357, it accepts the promulgation of the “large ordinance”, draft of monarchy a controlled and vast plan of administrative reorganization, but obtains the maintenance in captivity of Charles de Navarre. A commission of purification must relieve and condemn the faulty civils servant (and particularly the indelicate collectors taxes) and confiscate their goods. 9 advisers of the dolphin are revoked (Etienne Marcel holds its revenge against Robert de Lorris). Six representatives of the States enter to the council of the king who becomes a Trusteeship Council. The royal administration is supervised closely: the monetary finances, and particularly changes and extraordinary subsidies, are controlled by the States.

In the middle of the confrontation between Charles de Navarre and the dolphin

A government of the regent controlled by the States with its approval is thus set up. Two councils cohabit: that of the Dolphin and that of the States. But for the reformers and particularly the Navarreses that is not enough: the return of the king of captivity can put an end to this institutional test. In addition, the Dolphin takes balance and does not hesitate in August to point out the sacrificed advisers and to ask for to the provost Merchants of be worried only municipal businesses. Etienne Marcel and Robert the Cock thus organize the release of Charles de Navarre who can claim with the crown and is always locked up. However to clear itself vis-a-vis the dolphin, one gives to this release a spontaneous character giving him the aspect of a knack of faithful Navarreses. The return of Charles de Navarre méticuleusement is méticuleusement organized: it is released on November 9th, it is received with the protocol reserved to the king in the cities which it crosses, accommodated by the notable ones and the crowd joined together by the States. The same ceremonial reproduces in each city from Amiens to Paris: it is received by the clergy and the middle-class men in procession, then it harangue a very acquired crowd, explaining why it wrongfully was despoiled and imprisoned by Jean the Good whereas it is of royal line.

Put in front of the accomplished fact, the dolphin cannot refuse the request of Etienne Marcel and Robert the Cock and signs letters of remission for the Navarrese. November 30th it harangue: 10000 Parisian joined together by Etienne Marcel with Pre with the Clerks. December 3rd Etienne Marcel is invited with a strong middle-class party with the council of the King who must decide rehabilitation of Charles de Navarre, under pretext of announce that the States joined together with the Couvent of Cordeliers agree to raise the tax requested by the dolphin and that there remains only the agreement of the nobility to be obtained. The dolphin can only agree and rehabilitates Charles the Bad one.

More dangerous still for Valois, the States must solve the dynastic question on January 14th 1358. Charles the Bad one exploits the month of waiting to make countryside. The dolphin is active by organizing the defense of the country against many the Mercenaires which, for lack of balance, plunders the country. The marshals of Normandy, Champagne and Burgundy go to its court. It confines in Paris an army of: 2000 men come from Dauphine under pretext of protect Paris from the exactions from the Large companies. That puts the city under pressure. January 11th, he addresses himself to Parisian to the Halles by explaining why he raises an army and blaming the States on their incapacity to ensure the defense of the country in spite of the money taken at the time of the liftings of taxes: it is a success and Etienne Marcel must organize other meetings cored by his partisans to put it in difficulty. January 14th, the States not being able to get along on the dynastic question, nor about the lifting of a new tax, one decides on a new monetary change to reinflate the cases of the State. The spirits warm up against the States, for the greatest benefit of the dolphin. It accepts in January 1358 the first treaty of London which envisages:

the transfer in full sovereignty of the old possessions of Aquitaine of the Plantagenêt (1/3 of the country): The Guyenne (put under Made by Philippe VI at the beginning of the conflict), the Saintonge, the Poitou, the the Limousin, the Quercy, the Périgord, the Rouergue and the Bigorre.
a ransom of 4 million ecus.
Edouard III does not give up the crown of France.

The revolt of Parisian and the murder of the marshals

Jacqueries

The head office of Paris and the death of Etienne Marcel

Once the Jacquerie crushed, Charles de Navarre, returns to Paris on June 14th 1358. He thinks of having rejoined with him the nobility, but most of the lords which was at its sides against the Jacques does not follow it in this step and remains behind the regent who knew to gain their confidence. Charles the Bad one is established with Saint-Denis. He is made captain of Paris by acclamation and Etienne Marcel sends letters in all the cities of the kingdom so that he is made “universal captain”. These troops gain some skirmishes against the troops of Etienne Marcel or the Navarrese.

The dolphin wants at all costs to avoid a blood bath which would discredit it and wishes a negotiated solution. It thus does not make give the attack and continues the blockade by hoping that the situation changes. But the English mercenaries who defend the capital are regarded as enemies and attract each other the enmity of the Parisian ones. July 21st, following a brawl of tavern which degenerates into street battle 34 English archers are massacred. Parisian of the weapons seize of them 400 qu' they want to subject to ransom. The Parisian ones suspectent Charles de Navarre to have warned the mercenaries of their arrival (it left them before the combat). Their chiefs supporting the enemies of the country against the regent and the population, the Parisian ones feel betrayed and disunite themselves of Etienne Marcel, the more so as Charles de Navarre awaits his Philippe brother and of the English reinforcements. But the news of the massacre of Parisian quickly makes it tower of the city and Etienne Marcel is hooted on his return to Paris. The alderman Jean Maillart and Pépin of Essart convince the middle-class men to require the assistance of the regent. July 31st 1358, at dawn, Etienne Marcel in company of the treasurer of Charles de Navarre tries to be made give the keys of the Door of Saint-Denis but runs up against the refusal of Jean Maillard. Not insisting it tries its chance with the Saint-Anthony Door, but Jean Maillart sounded alarm and rameute the maximum of world: Etienne Marcel surprised is summoned to shout Montjoie with the king and the Duke. . After hesitation he exclaims Montjoie with the king. . He is apostrophized, crowd thunders. Its fate is already sealed: with the agreed signal ( What is what this? ), he is massacred with his following.

The dolphin which does not believe any more in one rendering is moving towards the Dauphiné when one teaches him the news coming from Paris. It enters triumphantly Paris on August 2nd, it has the clean hands. Forgiving with Parisian (there is only very little repression, only fifteen people are carried out for treason), it takes care not to despoil the close relations of carried out while rewarding its allies. For example, the widowed rich person of the alderman Charles Toussac carried out on August 2nd is married with Pierre de Dormans: The king rewards Jean de Dormans (one of its faithful) while placing his brother and it does not despoil the heritage of the widow of its opponent.

Consequences of the failure of Etienne Marcel

Prévôté of Paris

Prévôté of Etienne Marcel marks the apogee of the political role of this load: After the failure of Etienne Marcel, the capacities of prévôté of Paris are reduced. In 1382, riots antifiscales burst in France where the taxes persist in spite of the return of peace. The craftsmen rouennais revolt at the time of the Harelles. A similar riot takes place on March 1st, 1382 in Paris crowd takes possession of: 2000 with: 3000 mallets (from where the name revolts maillotins) stored with the town hall in preparation for an attack. They release then Hugues Aubriot which was provost under Charles V, but this one refuses to take the head of the movement. Without chief the revolt turns short and quickly is repressed, whereas directed by a character of the hardening of Etienne Marcel it could easily have been propagated at all cities of the kingdom. In 1383, following the fallen through revolt of the Maillotins, prévôté of the merchants is confused with prévôté of Paris (it is thus an officer named by the king who directs the capital) and the dissolved jurisdictions of the trades.

In 1413, the Parisian ones try once again to found a mode of controlled monarchy: the Cabochiens, supported by Jean without Fear and the Université of Paris impose on Charles VI the Ordonnance cabochienne, which takes again the principles of the Large ordinance of 1357. But the exactions of the cabochiens disunite the Parisian ones and this revolt is severely repressed by the Armagnacs. Its period of validity is quite as short as that of the Grande ordinance of 1357.

Partially reconstituted in 1409, prévôté consequently remains subordinate to the King. The provosts are moreover recruited among the royal officers (people of justice or finance), until the suppression of the function by the French revolution. The central capacity always remains being wary vis-a-vis the risk of reconstitution of a Parisian capacity extremely.

Evolution of monarchy

Charles V is deeply marked by the Parisian revolts of 1358 when he was threatened physically during the day of February 22nd: he makes set up the Bastille on his equities. This fortress has two functions: she prevents any invasion by the Saint-Anthony door, also protecting the Hôtel Saint-pol., preferred stay of the royal family; and, in the event of insurrection in the capital, it covers the road which leads to the Château of Vincennes which is used to him as residence out of Paris.

In a more general way the Parisian revolt, the jacquerie or later the revolt of the English peasants of 1390 represent a threat for the feudal social order. The training in mass of archers or principal rafters in the population and garrisons to defend the cities against the English rides, gives a military weight to other social classes that the only nobility. For this reason in France, under Charles VI, this last request and obtains the removal of the archers trained after decision of Charles V, which is worth with the French to be again outclassed by the English archers with the battles of Azincourt.

The brutal death of Etienne Marcel puts also fine at the attempt at installation of a controlled monarchy in France in XIVe century. Noting the failure of this attempt which it supported at the beginning, Charles V chooses a monarchical mode, based on the rule of law (justice being one of the pillars of royal prestige from Saint Louis), decentralization (via the policy of the Apanage S) and the guarantee by the State of physical safety (by the introduction of a standing army) and monetarist (by the creation of the Franc).

It finances this policy which restores the royal authority by the introduction of permanent taxes. The scene is not without pointing out capped Charles V of the blue hood and red on February 22nd, 1358.

Etienne Marcel becomes a republican myth at the end of the 19th century when the IIIe République at its beginnings seeks in the national history of the champions of freedom and the nation like Jeanne d' Arc or Vercingétorix. He incarnates the revolutionist with the ell of the political upheavals of the 19th century and like it Michel Mollat and Philippe Wolfi noted: “Until the 19th century, Etienne Marcel and the Jacques were condemned like revolted, destructors of the established order… the romantic history made some of the heroes, ancestors remote of the Revolution: Marcel, representing the middle-class with its effectiveness and its sights with a future (…) ”. Its middle-class origins, but also the fact that he affirmed himself as the defender of the small craftsmen against the powerful ones in fact a “democrat” before the hour (it is mainly because he with the street behind him which he is impossible to circumvent in 1358) which is proposed that other figures such as Robert the Cock member of the Clergy or the Bad Charles resulting one from the aristocracy who had however role at least such an important at the same time. Republican historiography then Marxist often used of anachronism to build the legend of the hero, “one of the most famous citizens of Gaulle”, “Danton of XIVe century” which “made create by the States a quasi-republic”.

The famous equestrian statue of the gardens of the Town hall of Paris which goes back to this time was inaugurated on July 14th, 1888.

In 1879, Camille Saint-Saëns writes an opera in four acts, Etienne Marcel .

G. Champagne devotes a part with the evocative title in 1884, Etienne Marcel, or the defender of the people to him.

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