Etienne-Jules Marey

Etienne-Jules Marey , born with Beaune the March 5th 1830 and died in Paris the May 15th 1904, is a Physiologiste French. Regarded at its time as touch-with-all atypical, he was a pioneer of the Photographie and a precursor of the Cinéma.

Biography

He makes his secondary studies with Dijon, then his studies of medicine in Paris, 1849 with 1859. Of 1869 with 1904, he is professor with the Collège de France, where he is titular pulpit of natural history of the organized bodies. In 1878, he becomes member of the Academy of Science. Its interest goes on the motion study at the living beings. Also, after the discovery of work of Muybridge, which it meets in 1881, it will use photography as tool for its research.

Work

First period: Graphic method (about 1859)

This first part, seeking to record the movements human, animal, but also of the fluids (blood circulation), relates to only little the photography, because mainly carried out using sensors connected to one or more styles, mainly pneumatic sensors. To this time go back the Sphygmographe, the Cardiographe, the Polygraphe.

In 1874, the Company of linguistics of Paris comes to consult Marey with an aim of applying the graphic method to the movements of the word. This collaboration marks the beginnings of experimental phonetics. Thereafter, it is Jean-Pierre Rousselot which will make the most completed adaptation graphic method to the production of the word.

Second period: Motion-analysis (about 1882)

In 1874, the astronomer Jules Jansen invents the photographic gun, intended to record the movement of the stars. Marey is inspired some and developed, in 1882, the photographic Fusil which enables him to photograph “on nature” a being moving on twelve installations. This “camera” with the advantage of being light and mobile. It uses it only a few months, but the invention remained famous.

In 1882, Marey also creates the physiological Station of the Bois de Boulogne, subsidized by the French State: the ministry for the War had been interested in work of Marey on the “method of walk” of the German army, winner in 1870.

The same year, he invents the Chronophotographie with fixed plate (with gélatinobromure): using one only objective - contrary to the method of Muybridge which used several objectives - and with clear subjects on black bottom, a photographic plate is exposed several times by a rotary shutter.

In 1889, Marey gives up the glass plate and passes to the film celluloid, which has just been introduced in France. He then invents an astute mechanism able to advance film out of synchro with the opening of the slit of the obturator. It thus acts many first images of “cinema”, but the film not being perforated, of big problems of équidistance stereotypes are posed.

Its other work

If the name of Marey is well-known in the history of the cinema for its research in the catch of sight of the movement, there does not remain about it less one scientist in several other fields:

the electric shock of fish torpedoes
Hydrodynamique: he invented a wind tunnel to visualize, using smoke, flows of air which meet an obstacle
Dynamique fluids

Marey, touch-with-all brilliant, influenced medicine, photography, opened the way with the cinema, worked on the fluids and contributed to aeronautics.

Its work was put in image by Cédric Klapisch in 1989, in humorous short-measuring entitled What drives me .

Marey and art

The results of its work on the movement, its sometimes abstract motion-analyzes, influenced artists of the 20th century:

Nu descending the staircase from Marcel Duchamp (1912)
Little girl running on a balcony of Giacomo Balled (1912)
the Italian Futurisme

Publications

Physlologie medical of the blood circulation (1860)
physiological Studies on the graphic characters of the beats of the heart (1863)
Of the movement in the functions of the life (1868) text in line
the animal Machine. Terrestrial and air locomotion (1873-1874)
experimental Physiology (1875)
Pressure and speed of blood (1876)
graphic Method in the applied sciences (1878) Text in line
blood Circulation in a physiological state and in the diseases (1881) Text in line

External bonds

a file devoted to Etienne-Jules Marey on the site of the BIUM (Library interunivesitaire of medicine and odontology (Paris), in collaboration with the Collège de France and the national Academy of medicine. The file comprises 240 digitized works of Etienne-Jules Marey (monographs, articles, collections of publications and original photographs), and five presentation articles.
Etienne-Jules Marey, the movement in light: exposure in line carried out by the House of the cinema and the French Cineclub
Biography and references to the numerical sources in project VLP of the Institute max Planck of history of sciences
Site of Sémia Survey firm on Marey and the animated image
the work of Etienne-Jules Marey and his contribution to the emergence of phonetics in sciences of the language by Bernard Teston
E.J. MAREY and its birthplace BEAUNE

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