The cleaning or ethnic purification is a term indicating various policies towards a ethnicity. It can as well indicate the forced emigration, the transfer of population that the Déportation even the Génocide of a ethnicity for religious, ideological, strategic reasons discriminatory or a combination of those.
Origin of the expression
The expression is the literal translation of the Croatian Serbe//Bosnien etničko čišćenje appeared in occident in the Années 1990 at the time of the Guerres of Yugoslavia but the first hard copy goes back to the May 16th 1941 in an article of the newspaper Hrvatska Krajina quoting Viktor Gutić: “Each Croat who sympathizes with our enemies is not only a good Croat but is also an adversary and opponent of the project planned and calculated cleaning of the undesirable elements of our Croatia…”It is probable that the renewal of Nationalisme of the Années 1980 reintroduced the expression in the language and the political debate of Yugoslavia.
A similar expression was used by the administration Nazi of Adolf Hitler to qualify the Déportation then the Génocide of the Jewish populations in the concentration camps: judenrein (literally purified Jews ).
History
Forced displacements of population were practiced much in Antiquity. One finds of them relations in the Old Testament. The great Empires, Assyrian, Babylonian, Romain, practiced the deportation of the conquered people.In Europe, the Jews were expelled of England (1290), of France (1306, 1322 and 1394), of Hungary (1349-1360), of Occitanie (1394 and 1490), of Austria (1421), of Spain after the Reconquest (1492), of Portugal (1497), Russia in 1724, and areas of Germany at various periods. Spain expelled its Muslim community in 1502 and in 1609 expelled all the converted Moslems of force to the Christianisme, France expelled the Protestants.
Colonization had its batch of ethnic cleaning in America (Indians of America, Acadiens), Australia, South Africa.
Years 1920 see the expulsion of the Greeks of minor Asia and, in a symmetrical way, Turkish or Moslems of the Greek islands. The phenomenon is repeated in Cyprus after 1974.
The modern time is marked by ethnic cleanings such as the Armenian genocide, the Shoah, the Rwandan genocide, the Guerres of Yugoslavia, the Civil war in Darfur, the massacres in Congo…
From 1935 to 1938, Stalin off-sets the Poles of Volhynie Eastern. It is the first ethnic deportation in the history of the the USSR. Then other people will suivearont: German of the Volga to the Tchétchènes while passing by the Tatars of the Crimea and the Meskhètes were off-set towards the Kazakhstan by Stalin and only authorized to return in their areas of origin after the death of this one (see).
An alternative is l'" exchange of population " , for example in 1923 between Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria (Treated of Lausanne), with the approval of the great powers of the time and the Company of the Nations.
See too
| Random links: | Trinculo (the moon) | Ziegfeld Madnesses (film, 1946) | Prison 59 | Hellevoetsluis | Mercè Pons |