Eras of Japan

The eras of Japan (, nengō , literally “name of the year”) are a Calendrier usually used with the Japan to count the years. For example, Heisei 18 corresponds to the year 2006 and the year 2007 will be Heisei 19.

As much from similar systems in East Asia, that of the names of eras comes from the Chinese imperial practice. However, the Japanese system is independent of those of the China and the Korea. Contrary to the other systems, the names of Japanese eras are still of rigor. The administration has recourse for official papers normally there.

One expresses sometimes the name of the era only with the first letter of the romanized name of the era. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55. With its 64 years duration, the Shōwa era is currently longest of the Histoire of Japan.

History

The system on which the nengō Japanese is based is originating in China (140 av. J. - C.) and was adopted in Japan in 645, during the reign of the emperor Kōtoku (). The first era is named Taika () and celebrates the revolutionary political changes which followed the Réforme of Taika (). Although the use of the nengō was stopped at the end of the 7th century, it was readopted in 701 and that until our days.

Conversion system of nengō into years of Gregorian Calendar

To convert one year Japanese into Western year, it is initially necessary to find the first year of the nengō (name of the era) then to withdraw 1 from it and then to add the number of the Japanese year. Thus, the 23e year of the second era Shōwa (Shōwa 23) corresponds to 1948.

Example: 1926 − 1 = 1925, therefore 1925 + 23 = 1948

Chronological list of the eras

  • 645 Era Taika
  • 650 Era Hakuchi
  • 654 -- There was no nengō during this time (655-686).
  • 686 Era Shuchō -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan
  • 686 -- There was no nengō during this time (686-701).
  • 701 Era Taihō
  • 704 Era Keiun
  • 708 Era Wadō
  • 715 Era Reiki
  • 717 Era Yōrō
  • 724 Era Jinki
  • 729 Era Tenpyō
  • 749 Era Tenpyō-kanpō
  • 749 Era Tenpyō-shōhō
  • 757 Era Tenpyō-hōji
  • 765 Era Tenpyō-jingo
  • 767 Era Jingo-keiun
  • 770 Era Hōki
  • 781 Era Ten' ō
  • 782 Era Enryaku
  • 806 Era Daidō
  • 810 Era Kōnin
  • 824 Era Tenchō
  • 834 Era Jōwa, Shōwa or Sōwa---> homonymy Era Shōwa = Era Showa ---> Showa
  • 848 Era Kajō
  • 851 Era Ninju
  • 854 Era Saikō
  • 857 Era Tennan
  • 859 Era Jōgan
  • 877 Era Gangyō, Gankyō or Genkei
  • 885 Era Nina
  • 889 Era Kanpyō
  • 898 Era Shōtai
  • 901 Era Engi
  • 923 Era Enchō
  • 931 Era Jōhei or Shōhei
  • 938 Era Tengyō
  • 947 Era Tenryaku
  • 957 Era Tentoku
  • 961 Era Ōwa
  • 964 Era Kōhō
  • 968 Era Anna
  • 970 Era Tenroku
  • 973 Ten' Era in
  • 976 Era Jōgen (976 - 978) ---> homonymy Era Jōgen = Era Jogen = Jōgen = Jogen
  • 978 Era Tengen
  • 983 Era Eikan
  • 985 Era Kanna
  • 987 Era Eien
  • 988 Era Eiso
  • 990 Era Shōryaku
  • 995 Era Chōtoku
  • 999 Era Chōhō
  • 1004 Era Kankō
  • 1012 Era Chōwa
  • 1017 Era Kannin
  • 1021 Era Jian
  • 1024 Era Manju
  • 1028 Era Chōgen
  • 1037 Era Chōryaku
  • 1040 Era Chōkyū
  • 1044 Era Kantoku
  • 1046 Era Eishō (1046 - 1053) ---> homonymy Era Eishō = Era Eisho = Eishō = Eisho
  • 1058 Era Kōhei
  • 1065 Era Jiryaku
  • 1069 Era Enkyū
  • 1074 Era Jōhō
  • 1077 Era Jōryaku
  • 1081 Era Eihō
  • 1084 Era Ōtoku
  • 1087 Era Kanji
  • 1094 Era Kahō
  • 1096 Era Eichō
  • 1097 Era Jōtoku or Shōtoku
  • 1099 Era Kōwa (1099 - 1104) ---> homonymy Era Kōwa = Era Kowa = Kōwa = Kowa
  • 1104 Era Chōji
  • 1106 Era Kajō, Kashō or Kasō
  • 1108 Era Tennin
  • 1110 Era Ten' I.E.(internal excitation)
  • 1113 Era Eikyō
  • 1118 Era Gen' I.E.(internal excitation)
  • 1120 Era Hōan
  • 1124 Era Tenji
  • 1126 Era Daiji or Taiji
  • 1131 Era Tenshō (1131 - 1132) ---> homonymy Era Tenshō = Era Tensho = Tenshō = Tensho
  • 1132 Era Chōshō or Chōjō
  • 1135 Era Hōen
  • 1141 Era Eiji
  • 1142 Era Kōji (1142 - 1144) ---> homonymy Era Kōji = Era Koji ---> Kōji = Kôji
  • 1144 Era Ten' yō
  • 1145 Era Kyūan
  • 1151 Era Ninpei or Ninpyō
  • 1154 Era Kyūju
  • 1156 Era Hōgen
  • 1159 Era Heiji
  • 1160 Era Eiryaku
  • 1161 Era Ōhō
  • 1163 Era Chōkan
  • 1165 Era Eiman
  • 1166 Era Ninnan
  • 1169 Era Kaō
  • 1171 Era Jōan or Jōan
  • 1175 Era Angen
  • 1177 Era Jishō or Jijō
  • 1181 Era Yōwa
  • 1182 Era Juei
  • 1184 Era Genryaku
  • 1185 Era Bunji
  • 1190 Era Kenkyū
  • 1199 Era Shōji
  • 1201 Era Kennin
  • 1204 Era Genkyū
  • 1206 Era Ken' I.E.(internal excitation)
  • 1207 Jōgen Era (1207 - 1211) ---> homonymy Era Jōgen = Era Jogen = Jōgen = Jogen
  • 1211 Era Kenryaku
  • 1213 Era Kenpō
  • 1219 Era Jōkyū
  • 1222 Era Jōō (1222 - 1224) ---> homonymy Era Jōō = Era Joo = Jōō = Joo
  • 1224 Era Gennin
  • 1225 Era Karoku
  • 1227 Era Antei
  • 1229 Era Kanki or Kangi
  • 1232 Era Jōei
  • 1233 Era Tenpuku
  • 1234 Era Bunryaku
  • 1235 Era Katei
  • 1238 Era Ryakunin
  • 1239 Era En' ō
  • 1240 Ninji Era
  • 1243 Era Kangen
  • 1247 Era Hōji
  • 1249 Era Kenchō
  • 1256 Era Kōgen
  • 1257 Era Shōka
  • 1259 Era Shōgen
  • 1260 Era Bun' ō
  • 1261 Era Kōchō
  • 1264 Era Bun' I.E.(internal excitation)
  • 1275 Era Kenji
  • 1278 Era Kōan (1278 - 1288) ---> homonymy Era Kōan = Era Koan = Kōan = Koan
  • 1288 Era Shōō
  • 1293 Era Einin
  • 1299 Era Shōan
  • 1302 Era Kengen
  • 1303 Era Kagen
  • 1306 Era Tokuji
  • 1308 Era Enkei or Enkyō
  • 1311 Era Ōchō
  • 1312 Era Shōwa (1312 - 1317) ---> homonymy Era Shōwa = Era Showa ---> Showa
  • 1317 Era Bunpō
  • 1319 Era Gen' ō
  • 1321 Era Genkyō or Genkō
  • 1324 Era Shōchū
  • 1326 Era Karyaku
  • 1329 Era Gentoku
  • 1331 Era Enkō
  • 1334 Era Kenmu

  • Nanboku-chō Court of the South

    • 1336 Era Engen
    • 1340 Era Kōkoku
    • 1346 Era Shōhei
    • 1370 Era Entoku
    • 1372 Era Bunchū
    • 1375 Era Tenju
    • 1381 Era Kōwa (1381 - 1384) ---> homonymy Era Kōwa = Era Kowa = Kōwa = Kowa
    • 1384 Era Genchū (Genchū 9 became Meitoku 3 with the reunification)

  • Nanboku-chō Court of North

    • 1332 Era Shōkei
    • 1333 (non-existent Court of North between 1333 and 1336)
    • 1338 Era Ryakuō
    • 1342 Era Kōei
    • 1345 Era Jōwa
    • 1350 Era Kan' ō or Kannō
    • 1352 Era Bunna
    • 1356 Era Enbun
    • 1361 Era Kōan (1361 - 1362) ---> homonymy Era Kōan = Era Koan = Kōan = Koan
    • 1362 Era Jōji
    • 1368 Era Ōan
    • 1375 Era Eiwa
    • 1379 Era Kōryaku
    • 1381 Era Eitoku
    • 1384 Era Shitoku
    • 1387 Era Kakei
    • 1389 Era Kōō
    • 1390 Era Meitoku

Shinengō

There are names of eras which are not semi-official. They called

  • Shinengō (私年号, shinengō )
  • Ginengō (偽年号, ginengō )
  • Inengō (異年号, inengō ).

It more than 40 shinengō confirmed there, the majority of them dating from the Middle Ages.

Shinengō well-known are:

  • Hōkō (法興), 591-621
  • Suzaku (朱雀), 686
  • Fukutoku (福徳), 1489-1492
  • Miroku (弥勒), 1506-1507 or 1507-1508
  • Meiroku (命禄, 1540-1543

Shinengō used before the re-establishment of the system of nengō into 701 are called usually the itsunengō (逸年号, itsunengō ).

The others are not itsunengō -- but they are the reigns of the emperors and empresses:

    • 655 Era Saimei or Reign of Saimei -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan
    • 662 Era Tenji -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan
    • 672 Era Kōbun or Reign of Kōbun -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan
    • 673 Era Temmu or Reign of Temmu -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan

    • 687 Era Jitō or Reign of Jitō -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan

    • 697 Era Mommu or Reign of Mommu -- consult Discuter: Eras of Japan

References

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